1. Miller DJ, Raggatt PTF, McBain K. A literature review
of studies into the prevalence and frequency of men’s
pornography use. Am J Sex Educ. 2020;15(4):502-29. doi:
10.1080/15546128.2020.1831676.
2. Grubbs JB, Kraus SW, Perry SL. Self-reported addiction to
pornography in a nationally representative sample: the roles
of use habits, religiousness, and moral incongruence. J Behav
Addict. 2019;8(1):88-93. doi: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.134.
3. Gola M, Lewczuk K, Skorko M. What matters: quantity or
quality of pornography use? Psychological and behavioral
factors of seeking treatment for problematic pornography
use. J Sex Med. 2016;13(5):815-24. doi: 10.1016/j.
jsxm.2016.02.169.
4. Brand M, Blycker GR, Potenza MN. When pornography
becomes a problem: clinical insights. Psychiatr Times.
2019;36(12):48-51.
5. Gola M, Potenza MN. Promoting educational, classification,
treatment, and policy initiatives. J Behav Addict.
2018;7(2):208-10. doi: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.51.
6. de Alarcón R, de la Iglesia JI, Casado NM, Montejo AL.
Online porn addiction: what we know and what we don’t-a
systematic review. J Clin Med. 2019;8(1):91. doi: 10.3390/
jcm8010091.
7. Castro-Calvo J, Cervigón-Carrasco V, Ballester-Arnal
R, Giménez-García C. Cognitive processes related to
problematic pornography use (PPU): a systematic review of
experimental studies. Addict Behav Rep. 2021;13:100345.
doi: 10.1016/j.abrep.2021.100345.
8. Duffy A, Dawson DL, Moghaddam NG, das Nair R. Do
thinking styles play a role in whether people pathologise their
pornography use? Sex Relation Ther. 2019;34(1):87-108. doi:
10.1080/14681994.2017.1412417.
9. Fernandez DP, Griffiths MD. Psychometric instruments for
problematic pornography use: a systematic review. Eval Health
Prof. 2021;44(2):111-41. doi: 10.1177/0163278719861688.
10. Bőthe B, Tóth-Király I, Bella N, Potenza MN, Demetrovics
Z, Orosz G. Why do people watch pornography? The
motivational basis of pornography use. Psychol Addict Behav.
2021;35(2):172-86. doi: 10.1037/adb0000603.
11. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred
reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the
PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151(4):264-9. doi:
10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135.
12. Antons S, Matthias B. Inhibitory control and problematic internet-pornography use - the important balancing
role of the insula. J Behav Addict. 2020;9(1):58-70. doi:
10.1556/2006.2020.00010.
13. Markert C, Klein S, Strahler J, Kruse O, Stark R. Sexual
incentive delay in the scanner: sexual cue and reward
processing, and links to problematic porn consumption and
sexual motivation. J Behav Addict. 2021;10(1):65-76. doi:
10.1556/2006.2021.00018.
14. Brand M, Snagowski J, Laier C, Maderwald S. Ventral
striatum activity when watching preferred pornographic
pictures is correlated with symptoms of internet pornography
addiction. Neuroimage. 2016;129:224-32. doi: 10.1016/j.
neuroimage.2016.01.033.
15. Sinke C, Engel J, Veit M, Hartmann U, Hillemacher T, Kneer
J, et al. Sexual cues alter working memory performance and
brain processing in men with compulsive sexual behavior.
Neuroimage Clin. 2020;27:102308. doi: 10.1016/j.
nicl.2020.102308.
16. Cuesta U, Niño JI, Martinez L, Paredes B. The neurosciences of
health communication: an fNIRS analysis of prefrontal cortex
and porn consumption in young women for the development
of prevention health programs. Front Psychol. 2020;11:2132.
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02132.
17. Kamaruddin N, Abdul Rahman AA, Handiyani D.
Pornography addiction detection based on neurophysiological
computational approach. Indones J Electr Eng Comput Sci.
2018;10(1):138-45. doi: 10.11591/ijeecs.v10.i1.pp138-145.
18. Cui Z, Mo M, Chen Q, Wang X, Yang H, Zhou N, et al.
Pornography use could lead to addiction and was associated
with reproductive hormone levels and semen quality: a report
from the MARHCS study in China. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne).
2021;12:736384. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.736384.
19. Buchholz VN, Mühle C, Kornhuber J, Lenz B. Markers
of prenatal androgen exposure correlate with online
sexual compulsivity and erectile function in young
men. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:517411. doi: 10.3389/
fpsyt.2021.517411.
20. Gola M, Wordecha M, Sescousse G, Lew-Starowicz M,
Kossowski B, Wypych M, et al. Can pornography be
addictive? An fMRI study of men seeking treatment for
problematic pornography use. Neuropsychopharmacology.
2017;42(10):2021-31. doi: 10.1038/npp.2017.78.
21. Kühn S, Gallinat J. Brain structure and functional connectivity
associated with pornography consumption: the brain on
porn. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(7):827-34. doi: 10.1001/
jamapsychiatry.2014.93.
22. Stormezand GN, Doorduin J, Chaves LT, García DV, Nienhuis
FJ, Schoevers RA, et al. No evidence for decreased D2/3
receptor availability and frontal hypoperfusion in subjects with
compulsive pornography use. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging.
2021;311:111284. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2021.111284.
23. Pekal J, Laier C, Snagowski J, Stark R, Brand M. Tendencies
toward internet-pornography-use disorder: differences
in men and women regarding attentional biases to
pornographic stimuli. J Behav Addict. 2018;7(3):574-83. doi:
10.1556/2006.7.2018.70.
24. Allen A, Kannis-Dymand L, Katsikitis M. Problematic internet
pornography use: the role of craving, desire thinking, and
metacognition. Addict Behav. 2017;70:65-71. doi: 10.1016/j.
addbeh.2017.02.001.
25. Antons S, Brand M. Trait and state impulsivity in males with
tendency towards internet-pornography-use disorder. Addict
Behav. 2018;79:171-7. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.12.029.
26. Sirianni JM, Vishwanath A. Problematic online pornography
use: a media attendance perspective. J Sex Res. 2016;53(1):21-
34. doi: 10.1080/00224499.2014.980496.
27. Prawiroharjo P, Ellydar H, Pratama P, Edison RE, Suaidy
SEI, Amani NZ, et al. Impaired recent verbal memory in
pornography-addicted juvenile subjects. Neurol Res Int.
2019;2019:2351638. doi: 10.1155/2019/2351638.
28. Frangos CC, Frangos CC, Sotiropoulos I. Problematic internet
use among Greek university students: an ordinal logistic
regression with risk factors of negative psychological beliefs,
pornographic sites, and online games. Cyberpsychol Behav
Soc Netw. 2011;14(1-2):51-8. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2009.0306.
29. Chen L, Yang Y, Su W, Zheng L, Ding C, Potenza MN.
The relationship between sexual sensation seeking and
problematic internet pornography use: a moderated
mediation model examining roles of online sexual activities
and the third-person effect. J Behav Addict. 2018;7(3):565-73.
doi: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.77.
30. Leonhardt ND, Busby DM, Willoughby BJ. Do you feel in
control? Sexual desire, sexual passion expression, and
associations with perceived compulsivity to pornography
and pornography use frequency. Sex Res Soc Policy.
2021;18(2):377-89. doi: 10.1007/s13178-020-00465-7.
31. Stark R, Kruse O, Snagowski J, Brand M, Walter B, Klucken
T, et al. Predictors for (problematic) use of internet sexually
explicit material: role of trait sexual motivation and implicit
approach tendencies towards sexually explicit material.
Sex Addict Compulsivity. 2017;24(3):180-202. doi:
10.1080/10720162.2017.1329042.
32. Brand M, Laier C, Pawlikowski M, Schächtle U, Schöler T,
Altstötter-Gleich C. Watching pornographic pictures on the
internet: role of sexual arousal ratings and psychologicalpsychiatric symptoms for using internet sex sites excessively.
Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2011;14(6):371-7. doi:
10.1089/cyber.2010.0222.
33. Markert C, Baranowski AM, Koch S, Stark R, Strahler J.
The impact of negative mood on event-related potentials
when viewing pornographic pictures. Front Psychol.
2021;12:673023. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.673023.
34. McDonald M, O’Connor J. ‘What are you looking
for?’: a psychoanalytically oriented qualitative study
of men’s compulsive use of internet pornography.
Psychoanal Psychother. 2021;35(1):24-43. doi:
10.1080/02668734.2021.1910554.
35. Wéry A, Canale N, Bell C, Duvivier B, Billieux J. Problematic
online sexual activities in men: the role of self-esteem,
loneliness, and social anxiety. Hum Behav Emerg Technol.
2020;2(3):217-26. doi: 10.1002/hbe2.193.
36. Levin ME, Lee EB, Twohig MP. The role of experiential
avoidance in problematic pornography viewing. Psychol Rec.
2019;69(1):1-12. doi: 10.1007/s40732-018-0302-3.
37. Rosenberg H, Kraus S. The relationship of “passionate
attachment” for pornography with sexual compulsivity,
frequency of use, and craving for pornography. Addict Behav.
2014;39(5):1012-7. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.02.010.
38. Baranowski AM, Vogl R, Stark R. Prevalence and determinants
of problematic online pornography use in a sample of German
women. J Sex Med. 2019;16(8):1274-82. doi: 10.1016/j.
jsxm.2019.05.010.
39. Lewczuk K, Nowakowska I, Lewandowska K, Potenza MN,
Gola M. Frequency of use, moral incongruence and religiosity
and their relationships with self-perceived addiction to
pornography, internet use, social networking and online
)