Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1
Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
2
Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences and Department of Cardiology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
3
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
4
Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Health, and Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
5
Physiology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
6
Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
10.34172/ahj.2022.1273
Abstract
Background: Cigarette and tobacco smoking are closely associated with chronic cardiovascular disease and lung cancer. We aimed
to assess the prevalence and 5-year incidence rate (IR) of these two risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in Kerman, southeastern
of Iran.
Methods: 10015 individuals aged 15-80 were recruited to the study between 2014 and 2018 (Kerman coronary artery disease
(CAD) risk factors study, KERCADRS) of which 2820 had also participated in the first phase (5 years earlier). We took fasting blood
samples and collected demographic information and data on cigarette and water-pipe tobacco smoking (WPTS) through interviews.
Findings: The overall prevalence of cigarette smoking increased from 8.1% in phase1 to 8.8% in phase 2. During the same period,
the prevalence of WPTS increased from 10% to 14%, especially in the age groups of 15-45 years. The prevalence of opium
dependance was higher among cigarette smokers compared to WPT users. The overall 5-year IR of cigarette and WPTS was 3.6 and 4.65 per 1000 person-years respectively. The highest IRs of cigarette smoking and WPTS were reported in the age group of 15-39
years, and IR of WPTS was higher among women. Obesity, diabetes, and hypertension associated with a reduced IRs of cigarette
and WPTS.
Conclusion: Over the past five years, the prevalence of cigarette smoking has increased slightly, but WPTS has increased more
rapidly, especially among women. The highest prevalence of cigarette and WPT smoking was in the age groups of 15-39 years.
Smoking is shifting from cigarette smoking to WPTS. Age- and gender-oriented interventions would help correct the unhealthy life
style in the community and prevent further smoking-related morbidities and mortalities.
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