An Investigation of the Risk Factors of Osteoporosis and the Correlation between Opium Consumption and Osteoporosis in Adults

Document Type : Original Article(s)

Authors

1 Physiology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

3 General Practitioner, Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute of Future Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

4 Rheumatologist, Department of Rheumatology, Seyed-al-Shohada Hospital, Kerman, Iran

5 Associate Professor, Endocrinology and Metabolism research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman, Iran

6 Associate Professor, Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

Abstract

Background: Osteoporosis and osteopenia are the most common metabolic bone diseases making the patients vulnerable to bone fragility and fracture. In this study, the association of opium consumption and osteoporosis adjusted for other risk factors was studied.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 619 cases including 73 men and 546 women referred to densitometry center in Kerman, Iran, were studied. Demographic information, history of opium consumption, medications, and other risk factors were collected using a structured questionnaire.Findings: In a univariate analysis, opium consumption, aging, and having a body mass index (BMI) lower than 24 accompanied an increased chance of osteoporosis, while taking physical exercises on a daily basis reduces the chance of osteoporosis. Through multivariable analysis, the two variables of age group and BMI group turned out to be of significance; that is, the chance of osteoporosis or osteopenia in the age group of higher than 60 years and 45-60 years being placed in one of the levels of osteoporosis or osteopenia was 4.9 and 3.1 times higher than the age groups lower than 45 years, respectively, after being adjusted to the other variables.Conclusion: Considering the results of this study, though the risk of bone density reduction in the individuals consuming opium was higher, due to the disparity between opium consumption in the two sexes, the difference was not significant between the two groups, and it is proposed that studies on larger samples and in the both sexes be conducted to determine the impacts of opium on the bone density.

Keywords

References

  1. Gozashti MH, Shahesmaeili A, Amini Zadeh N. Is opium addiction a risk factor for bone loss? Iran Red Crescent Med J 2011; 13(7): 464-8.
  2. Lane NE. Epidemiology, etiology, and diagnosis of osteoporosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 194(2 Suppl): S3-11.
  3. Ghafoori S, Keshtkar A, Khashayar P, Ebrahimi M, Ramezani M, Mohammadi Z, et al. The risk of osteoporotic fractures and its associating risk factors according to the FRAX model in the Iranian patients: A follow-up cohort. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2014; 13(1): 93. [In Persian].
  4. Bazrafshan H, Qorbani M, Shadpour Rashti H, Aghaei M, Safari R. Prevalence of osteoporosis and its association with demographic characterirstics-Gorgan, Iran. Hormozgan Med J 2011; 15(1): 56-62. [In Persian].
  5. Abolhassani F, Mohammadi M, Soltani A. Burden of osteoporosis in Iran. Iranian J Publ Health 2004; 33(S1): 18-28. [In Persian].
  6. Mahamed F, Karimzadeh Shirazi K, Pourmahmoudi A A, Mossavi A. The effects of education on preventive behaviors toward osteoporosis based on behavior intention model (BIM) on female students. Armaghane-Danesh 2009; 14(2): 118-25. [In Persian].
  7. Maalouf G, Gannage-Yared MH, Ezzedine J, Larijani B, Badawi S, Rached A, et al. Middle East and North Africa consensus on osteoporosis. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2007; 7(2): 131-43.
  8. Okhovat A, Najafizadeh SR, Dehghan-Dehnavi S. The relationship between body mass index and bone mineral density in women aged 45 to 55 admitted to hospital rheumatology clinic between 1378-82 (RA), Imam Khomeini. J Shaheed Sadoughi Univ Med Sci 2004; 12(3): 15-21. [In Persian].
  9. Baheiraei A, Pocock NA, Eisman JA, Nguyen ND, Nguyen TV. Bone mineral density, body mass index and cigarette smoking among Iranian women: Implications for prevention. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2005; 6: 34.
  10. Daniell HW. Opioid-induced androgen deficiency. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes 2006; 13(3): 262-6.
  11. Li L, Setoguchi S, Cabral H, Jick S. Opioid use for noncancer pain and risk of fracture in adults: A nested case-control study using the general practice research database. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 178(4): 559-69.
  12. Pedrazzoni M, Vescovi PP, Maninetti L, Michelini M, Zaniboni G, Pioli G, et al. Effects of chronic heroin abuse on bone and mineral metabolism. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1993; 129(1): 42-5.
  13. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. World drug report 2015. Vienna, Austria: UNODC; 2015.
  14. Najafipour H, Masoomi M, Shahesmaeili A, Haghdoost AA, Afshari M, Nasri HR, et al. Effects of opium consumption on coronary artery disease risk factors and oral health: Results of Kerman Coronary Artery Disease Risk factors Study a population-based survey on 5900 subjects aged
  15. -75 years. Int J Prev Med 2015; 6: 42.
  16. Rahimi N, Gozashti M, Marefati H, Rahnama K, Aghaei I, Moosazadeh M. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in diabetic patients and its relationship with opium consumption. J Guilan Univ Med Sci 2014; 22(88): 49-57. [In Persian].
  17. Ardeshir Larijani MB, Mohajeri Tehrani MR, Soltani AA, Hamidi Z, Pazhouhi M. Osteoporosis, prevention, diagnosis and treatment. J Reprod Fertil 2005; 6(1): 5-24. [In Persian].
  18. Brennan MJ. The effect of opioid therapy on endocrine function. Am J Med 2013; 126(3 Suppl 1): S12-S18.
  19. Moosavi H, Mirkarimi Z. Osteoporesis. Journal of Research Development in Nursing and Midwifery 2006; (2): 46-52. [In Persian].
  20. Soheyli Azad AA, Golestan B, Jahanbakhsh S. Determination of the relation between osteoporotic and osteopenic risk factors among women referring to BMD center, baharloo hospital. Razi J Med Sci 2008; 14(57): 91-9. [In Persian].
  21. El-Desouki MI. Osteoporosis in postmenopausal Saudi women using dual x-ray bone densitometry. Saudi Med J 2003; 24(9): 953-6.
  22. Incalzi RA, Caradonna P, Ranieri P, Basso S, Fuso L, Pagano F, et al. Correlates of osteoporosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med 2000; 94(11): 1079-84.
  23. Mousavi SA, Zavvareii F, Shirani F. Study of osteoporosis prevalence in men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Razi J Med Sci 2006; 12(49): 19-26. [In Persian].
  24. Spagnolli W, Torboli P, Mattarei M, De Venuto G, Marcolla A, Miori R. Calcitonin and prolactin serum levels in heroin addicts: Study on a methadone treated group. Drug Alcohol Depend 1987; 20(2): 143-8.
  25. Seeman E, Hopper JL, Young NR, Formica C, Goss P, Tsalamandris C. Do genetic factors explain associations between muscle strength, lean mass, and bone density? A twin study. Am J Physiol 1996; 270(2 Pt 1): E320-E327.
  26. Ward KD, Klesges RC. A meta-analysis of the effects of cigarette smoking on bone mineral density. Calcif Tissue Int 2001; 68(5): 259-70.
  27. Eghbali SS, Nabipour I, Dehghani Z. Prevalence of osteoporosis in women older than 50 years old in Bushehr port. Iran South Med J 2009; 11(2): 163-9. [In Persian].
  28. Vuori IM. Dose-response of physical activity and low back pain, osteoarthritis, and osteoporosis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33(6 Suppl): S551-S586.
  29. Ahmadnea E, Mehdizadeh S, Mokhtari P. Association between calcium intake and body mass index in adolescent girls. J Qazvin Univ Med Sci 2014; 18(1): 60-7. [In Persian].
  30. Stracke H, Renner E, Knie G, Leidig G, Minne H, Federlin K. Osteoporosis and bone metabolic parameters in dependence upon calcium intake through milk and milk products. Eur J Clin Nutr 1993; 47(9): 617-22.
  31. Sowers MR, Wallace RB, Lemke JH. Correlates of mid-radius bone density among postmenopausal women: a community study. Am J Clin Nutr 1985; 41(5): 1045-53.
  32. Kim TW, Alford DP, Malabanan A, Holick MF, Samet JH. Low bone density in patients receiving methadone maintenance treatment. Drug Alcohol Depend 2006; 85(3): 258-62.
  33. Carbone LD, Chin AS, Lee TA, Burns SP, Svircev JN, Hoenig HM, et al. The association of opioid use with incident lower extremity fractures in spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2013; 36(2): 91-6.
  34. Ceccarelli I, De Padova AM, Fiorenzani P, Massafra C, Aloisi AM. Single opioid administration modifies gonadal steroids in both the CNS and plasma of male rats. Neuroscience 2006; 140(3): 929-37.
  35. Grey A, Rix-Trott K, Horne A, Gamble G, Bolland M, Reid IR. Decreased bone density in men on methadone maintenance therapy. Addiction 2011; 106(2): 349-54.
Addiction & Health
Volume 9, Issue 4 - Serial Number 4
25
November 2017
Pages 214-221

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics