Effectiveness of Resilience Training on Ego-control and Hardiness of Illicit Drug Users

Document Type : Original Article(s)

Authors

1 Lecturer, Department of Psychology, Payame Nour University, Sari, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Consulting, Payame Nour University of Sari, Sari, Iran

3 PhD Student, Student Research Committee, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran

4 PhD Student, Department of Consulting, School of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran

5 Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran

6 Researcher, Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Background: The aim of this research was to determine the effectiveness of resilience training upon ego-control and hardiness of the addicted persons.Methods: This was a semi-experimental study with pretest and posttest control groups which was conducted in Sari, Iran, during 2014-2015. Thirty persons were selected among 240 illicit drug users who underwent screening. Resilience training was performed in ten sessions for the experimental group. The Kobasa hardiness questionnaire and self-restraint scale (SRS) were used for data collection and multivariate covariance test was performed for data analysis.Findings: According to the data, ego-control and hardiness of participants were improved significantly by resilience training (P < 0.001).Conclusion: Resilience training is effective upon the rate of ego–control and self-restraint and hardiness. This method can be used in addiction treatment clinics and residential centers.

Keywords


  1. Haghdoost AA, Jafari F, Tarjoman T, Meamarian N, Baneshi MR, Haji Maghsoudi S, et al. Estimating population size of drug and alcohol abusers in Iran 2012. Tehran, Iran: Sepidbarg, 2012. [In Persian].
  2. Noroozi M, Mirzazadeh A, Noroozi A, Mehrabi Y, Hajebi A, Zamani S, et al. Client-level coverage of needle and syringe program and high-risk injection behaviors: A case study of people who inject drugs in Kermanshah, Iran. Addict Health 2015; 7(3-4): 164-73. [In Persian].
  3. Yousefi-Nooraie R, Farhoudian A, Amini H, Mohammadi MR, Mesgarpour B, Mansouri N, et al. Prevalence of mental disorders among high-school students in Iran: A systematic review. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 2009; 4(1): 1-6. [In Persian].
  4. Taremian F, Bolhari J, Peyravi H, Asgari A. Drug use prevalence among students of universities of medical sciences in Tehran. Journal of Research Addiction 2014; 7(28): 9-21. [In Persian].
  5. Taremian F, Bolhari J, Pairavi H, Ghazi Tabatabaeii M. The prevalence of drug abuse among university students in Tehran. Iran J Psychiatry Clin Psychol 2008; 13(4): 335-42. [In Persian].
  6. Compton WM, Volkow ND. Major increases in opioid analgesic abuse in the United States: Concerns and strategies. Drug Alcohol Depend 2006; 81(2): 103-7.
  7. Keyes CL. Complete mental health: An agenda for the 21st century. In: Keyes CL, Haidt J, Editors. Flourishing: Positive Psychology and the Life Well-lived. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2003.
  8. United Nations of ficeon Drugsand Crime. World drug report 2015 [Online]. [cited 2015]; Available from: URL: http://www.unodc.org/wdr2015
  9. Zakariaei M, Mokhtarian H. Introduction to the economy and the illegal drug trade. Tehran, Iran: Society and Culture Publication; 2011. [In Persian].
  10. Karami Z, Pirkhaefi A, Kowsarnia A, Massah O, Farhoodian A. Comparison of personality traits based on temperament and character inventory (TCI) in opiate and stimulant abusers. Rehabilitation 2014; 14(5): 83-90. [In Persian].
  11. Fridell M, esse M. Personality disorders in substance abusers. In: Mads-Uffe P, Segraeus V, Editors. Evidence based practices? Challenges in substance abuse treatment. Helsinki, Finland: NAD-publication; 2005. p. 65-80.
  12. Hesse M, Pedersen MU. Antisocial personality disorder and retention: A systematic review. International Journal for Therapeutic and Supportive Organizations 2006; 27(4): 495-504.
  13. McMahon RC, Enders C. Personality disorder factors predict recovery of employment functioning among treated cocaine abusers. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2009; 35(3): 138-44.
  14. A'zami Y, Doostian Y, Mo'tamedi A, Massah O, Heydari N. Dysfunctional Attitudes and Coping Strategies in Substance Dependent and Healthy Individuals. Rehabilitation 2015; 13(23): 51-5.
  15. Belcher AM, Volkow ND, Moeller FG, Ferre S. Personality traits and vulnerability or resilience to substance use disorders. Trends Cogn Sci 2014; 18(4): 211-7.
  16. Letzring TD, Block J, Funder DC. Ego-control and ego-resiliency: Generalization of self-report scales based on personality descriptions from acquaintances, clinicians, and the self. J Res Pers 2005; 39(4): 395-422.
  17. Maddi SR. The story of hardiness: Twenty years of theorizing, research, and practice. In: Monat A, Lazarus RS, Reevy G, Editors. The Praeger Handbook on Stress and Coping. Owings Mills, MD: Praeger; 2007.
  18. Maddi SR. Hardiness as the existential courage to grow through searching for meaning. In: Hicks JA, Routledge C, Editors. The experience of meaning in life: Classical perspectives, emerging themes, and controversies. Berlin, Germany: Springer Science & Business Media; 2013. p. 227-39.
  19. Maddi SR. Hardiness leads to meaningful growth through what is learned when resolving stressful circumstances. In: Batthyany A, Russo-Netzer P, Editors. Meaning in positive and existential psychology. Berlin, Germany: Springer Science & Business; 2014. p. 291-302.
  20. Maddi SR. Thirty Years of Hardiness Validational Research and Practice. In: Maddi SR, Editor. Hardiness: Turning Stressful Circumstances into Resilient Growth. Berlin, Germany: Springer Science & Business Media; 2012.
  21. Maddi SR. Hardiness as the existential courage to turn stresses into growth opportunities. In: Leontiev DA, Editor. Motivation, consciousness and self-regulation. New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers; 2012. [In Persian].
  22. Maddi SR, Harvey RH, Khoshaba DM, Lu JL, Persico M, Brow M. The personality construct of hardiness, III: Relationships with repression, innovativeness, authoritarianism, and performance. J Pers 2006; 74(2): 575-97.
  23. Tugade MM, Fredrickson BL. Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. J Pers Soc Psychol 2004; 86(2): 320-33.
  24. Friborg O, Hjemdal O, Rosenvinge JH, Martinussen M, Aslaksen PM, Flaten MA. Resilience as a moderator of pain and stress. J Psychosom Res 2006; 61(2): 213-9.
  25. Friborg O, Barlaug D, Martinussen M, Rosenvinge JH, Hjemdal O. Resilience in relation to personality and intelligence. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2005; 14(1): 29-42.
  26. Maddi SR, Khoshaba DM. Resilience at work: How to succeed no matter what life throws at you. New York, NY: AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn; 2005.
  27. Weinberger DA, Schwartz GE. Distress and restraint as superordinate dimensions of self-reported adjustment: A typological perspective. J Pers 1990; 58(2): 381-417.
  28. Feldman SS, Weinberger DA. Self-restraint as a mediator of family influences on boys' delinquent behavior: A longitudinal study. Child Dev 1994; 65(1): 195-211.
  29. Kobasa SC. Stressful life events, personality, and health: An inquiry into hardiness. J Pers Soc Psychol 1979; 37(1): 1-11.
  30. Kobasa SC, Maddi SR, Kahn S. Hardiness and health: A prospective study. J Pers Soc Psychol 1982; 42(1): 168-77.
  31. Ghorbani N, Watson PJ. Hardiness scales in Iranian managers: Evidence of incremental validity in relationships with the five factor model and with organizational and psychological adjustment. Psychol Rep 2005; 96(3 Pt 1): 775-81.
  32. Ghorbani N. Existential structure of personality hardiness. J Res Pers 2017; 3(4): 76-92.
  33. Jamhari F. The relationship between hardiness and tendency to depression and anxiety between women and men in universities in Tehran [PhD Thesis]. Tehran, Iran: Allameh Tabataba'i University; 2001. [In Persian].
  34. Fredrickson BL, Branigan C. Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought-action repertoires. Cogn Emot 2005; 19(3): 313-32.
  35. Rowe G, Hirsh JB, Anderson AK. Positive affect increases the breadth of attentional selection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104(1): 383-8.
  36. Milioni M, Alessandri G, Eisenberg N, Caprara GV. The role of positivity as predictor of ego-resiliency from adolescence to young adulthood. Pers Individ Dif 2016; 101: 306-11.
  37. Oginska-Bulik N, Kobylarczyk M. Association between resiliency and posttraumatic growth in firefighters: The role of stress appraisal. Int J Occup Saf Ergon 2016; 22(1): 40-8.
  38. Mayordomo T, Viguer P, Sales A, Satorres E, Melendez JC. Resilience and Coping as Predictors of Well-Being in Adults. J Psychol 2016; 150(7): 809-21.
  39. Hodes M, hur-Fen Gau S. Positive mental health, fighting stigma and promoting resiliency for children and adolescents. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Science & Technology Books; 2016.
  40. Wright MO, Masten AS. Resilience processes in development. In: Goldstein S, Brooks RB, Editors. Handbook of Resilience in Children. Berlin, Germany: Springer; 2005. p. 17-37.
  41. Sankaran L, Muralidhar D, Benegal V. Strengthening resilience within families in addiction treatment. Indian Journal of Social Work 2008; 69(1): 45-53.
  42. Walsh F. Strengthening Family Resilience. New York, NY: Guilford Publications; 2015.
  43. Masten AS. Resilience in developing systems: Progress and promise as the fourth wave rises. Dev Psychopathol 2007; 19(3): 921-30.
  44. Farrell AD, Sullivan TN. Structure of the weinberger adjustment inventory self-restraint scale and its relation to problem behaviors in adolescence. Psychol Assess 2000; 12(4): 394-401.
  45. Scheftel S. The children's books of William Steig: A creative representation of early separation and resiliency. Psychoanal Study Child 2008; 63: 165-85.
  46. Robertson IT, Cooper CL, Sarkar M, Curran T. Resilience training in the workplace from 2003 to 2014: A systematic review. J Occup Organ Psychol 2015; 88(3): 533-62.
  47. Leiter MP. Resilience at work. The Nova Scotia Psychologist 2005; 16(3): 3.
  48. Morris C, Simpson J, Sampson M, Beesley F. Cultivating positive emotions: A useful adjunct when working with people who self-harm? Clin Psychol Psychother 2014; 21(4): 352-62.
  49. Fredrickson BL, Tugade MM, Waugh CE, Larkin GR. What good are positive emotions in crises? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. J Pers Soc Psychol 2003; 84(2): 365-76.
  50. Fredrickson BL, Joiner T. Positive emotions trigger upward spirals toward emotional well-being. Psychol Sci 2002; 13(2): 172-5.
  51. Argyle M. The Psychology of Happiness. London, UK: Routledge; 2013.