1. Chambers RA, Taylor JR, Potenza MN. Developmental
neurocircuitry of motivation in adolescence: a critical period
of addiction vulnerability. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(6):1041-
52. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.6.1041.
2. Johnston LD, O’Malley PM, Bachman JG. Monitoring the
future: national results on adolescent drug use: overview
of key findings. Focus. 2003;1(2):213-34. doi: 10.1176/
foc.1.2.213.
3. Horváth Z, Román N, Elekes Z, Griffiths MD, Demetrovics
Z, Urbán R. Alcohol consumption and risk for feeding and
eating disorders in adolescence: the mediating role of drinking
motives. Addict Behav. 2020;107:106431. doi: 10.1016/j.
addbeh.2020.106431.
4. National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Addiction and
Health. Available from: https://nida.nih.gov/publications/
drugs-brains-behavior-science-addiction/addiction-health.
5. Hart CL, Ksir C. Drugs, Society, and Human Behavior. 16th
ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2018.
6. Hohl BC, Wiley S, Wiebe DJ, Culyba AJ, Drake R, Branas
CC. Association of drug and alcohol use with adolescent
firearm homicide at individual, family, and neighborhood
levels. JAMA Intern Med. 2017;177(3):317-24. doi: 10.1001/
jamainternmed.2016.8180.
7. Kreek MJ, Nielsen DA, Butelman ER, LaForge KS. Genetic
influences on impulsivity, risk taking, stress responsivity and
vulnerability to drug abuse and addiction. Nat Neurosci.
2005;8(11):1450-7. doi: 10.1038/nn1583.
8. Dunne EM, Burrell LE 2nd, Diggins AD, Whitehead NE,
Latimer WW. Increased risk for substance use and healthrelated problems among homeless veterans. Am J Addict.
2015;24(7):676-80. doi: 10.1111/ajad.12289.
9. Zlotnick C, Tam T, Robertson MJ. Disaffiliation, substance
use, and exiting homelessness. Subst Use Misuse. 2003;38(3-
6):577-99. doi: 10.1081/ja-120017386.
10. Hanson KL, Medina KL, Padula CB, Tapert SF, Brown
SA. Impact of adolescent alcohol and drug use on
neuropsychological functioning in young adulthood: 10-year
outcomes. J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse. 2011;20(2):135-54.
doi: 10.1080/1067828x.2011.555272.
11. Van Handel MM, Rose CE, Hallisey EJ, Kolling JL, Zibbell JE,
Lewis B, et al. County-level vulnerability assessment for rapid
dissemination of HIV or HCV infections among persons who
inject drugs, United States. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.
2016;73(3):323-31. doi: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001098.
12. O’Connor R, Sheehy N. Understanding Suicidal Behaviour.
Leicester: BPS Books; 2000.
13. Isralowitz R. Drug Use: A Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO;
2004.
14. National Drug Intelligence Center. The Economic Impact
of Illicit Drug Use on American Society. Washington, DC:
United States Department of Justice; 2011.
15. Hedegaard H, Miniño AM, Warner M. Drug overdose
deaths in the United States, 1999-2019. NCHS Data Brief.
2020(394):1-8.
16. Mazumder S, Khan MT, Bhuiyan MAN, Kiser H. Historical
trends of admitted patients by selected substances and
their significant patient’s level factors. Addict Behav.
2020;109:106478. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106478.
17. Marzell M, Sahker E, Arndt S. Trends of youth marijuana treatment
admissions: increasing admissions contrasted with decreasing
drug involvement. Subst Use Misuse. 2017;52(13):1778-83.
doi: 10.1080/10826084.2017.1311349.
18. Marzell M, Sahker E, Pro G, Arndt S. A brief report on
Hispanic youth marijuana use: Trends in substance abuse
treatment admissions in the United States. J Ethn Subst Abuse.
2017;16(2):155-64. doi: 10.1080/15332640.2015.1108256.
19. Anthony JC, Warner LA, Kessler RC. Comparative
epidemiology of dependence on tobacco, alcohol, controlled
substances, and inhalants: basic findings from the National
Comorbidity Survey. In: Marlatt G, VandenBos GR, eds.
Addictive Behaviors: Readings on Etiology, Prevention, and
Treatment. American Psychological Association; 1997.
20. Apantaku-Olajide T, James PD, Smyth BP. Association
of educational attainment and adolescent substance use
disorder in a clinical sample. J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse.
2014;23(3):169-76. doi: 10.1080/1067828X.2013.786921.
21. Blazer DG, Wu LT. The epidemiology of substance use and
disorders among middle aged and elderly community adults:national survey on drug use and health. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry.
2009;17(3):237-45. doi: 10.1097/JGP.0b013e318190b8ef.
22. Patrick ME, Terry-McElrath YM, Lee CM, Schulenberg JE.
Simultaneous alcohol and marijuana use among underage
young adults in the United States. Addict Behav. 2019;88:77-
81. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.08.015.
23. Rawson RA, Gonzales R, Obert JL, McCann MJ, Brethen P.
Methamphetamine use among treatment-seeking adolescents
in Southern California: participant characteristics and
treatment response. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2005;29(2):67-74.
doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2005.04.001.
24. Swendsen J, Burstein M, Case B, Conway KP, Dierker L, He J, et
al. Use and abuse of alcohol and illicit drugs in US adolescents:
results of the National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescent
Supplement. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69(4):390-8. doi:
10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1503.
25. Harrison PA, Fulkerson JA, Beebe TJ. Multiple substance
use among adolescent physical and sexual abuse victims.
Child Abuse Negl. 1997;21(6):529-39. doi: 10.1016/s0145-
2134(97)00013-6.
26. Chen LY, Crum RM, Strain EC, Martins SS, Mojtabai R. Patterns
of concurrent substance use among adolescent nonmedical
ADHD stimulant users. Addict Behav. 2015;49:1-6. doi:
10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.05.007.
27. Moss HB, Chen CM, Yi HY. Early adolescent patterns
of alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana polysubstance use
and young adult substance use outcomes in a nationally
representative sample. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014;136:51-
62. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.12.011.
28. Silveira ML, Green VR, Iannaccone R, Kimmel HL, Conway
KP. Patterns and correlates of polysubstance use among
US youth aged 15-17 years: wave 1 of the Population
Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study. Addiction.
2019;114(5):907-16. doi: 10.1111/add.14547.
29. Su J, Supple AJ, Kuo SI. The role of individual and contextual
factors in differentiating substance use profiles among
adolescents. Subst Use Misuse. 2018;53(5):734-43. doi:
10.1080/10826084.2017.1363237.
30. Tomczyk S, Hanewinkel R, Isensee B. Multiple substance
use patterns in adolescents-a multilevel latent class analysis.
Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;155:208-14. doi: 10.1016/j.
drugalcdep.2015.07.016.
31. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Methodological
Summary and Definitions; 1992.
32. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Methodological
Summary and Definitions; 2017.
33. Wooldridge JM. Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and
Panel Data. MIT Press; 2010.
34. Long JS, Freese J. Regression Models for Categorical
Dependent Variables Using Stata. 3rd ed. Stata Press; 2014.
35. Brant R. Assessing proportionality in the proportional
odds model for ordinal logistic regression. Biometrics.
1990;46(4):1171-8.
36. Williams R. Generalized ordered logit/partial proportional
odds models for ordinal dependent variables. Stata J.
2006;6(1):58-82. doi: 10.1177/1536867x0600600104.
37. Kloos A, Weller RA, Chan R, Weller EB. Gender differences
in adolescent substance abuse. Curr Psychiatry Rep.
2009;11(2):120-6. doi: 10.1007/s11920-009-0019-8.
38. University of Michigan News. The Rise in Drug Use Among
American Teens Continues in 1996 [Press Release]. University
of Michigan News and Information Service; 1996.
39. Martin CE, Longinaker N, Mark K, Chisolm MS, Terplan M.
Recent trends in treatment admissions for marijuana use
during pregnancy. J Addict Med. 2015;9(2):99-104. doi:
10.1097/adm.0000000000000095.
40. Chhatre S, Cook R, Mallik E, Jayadevappa R. Trends in
substance use admissions among older adults. BMC Health
Serv Res. 2017;17(1):584. doi: 10.1186/s12913-017-2538-z.
41. Crummy EA, O’Neal TJ, Baskin BM, Ferguson SM. One is not
enough: understanding and modeling polysubstance use. Front
Neurosci. 2020;14:569. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00569.
42. Conway KP, Vullo GC, Nichter B, Wang J, Compton WM,
Iannotti RJ, et al. Prevalence and patterns of polysubstance
use in a nationally representative sample of 10th graders in
the United States. J Adolesc Health. 2013;52(6):716-23. doi:
10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.12.006.
43. Felton JW, Kofler MJ, Lopez CM, Saunders BE, Kilpatrick DG.
The emergence of co-occurring adolescent polysubstance
use and depressive symptoms: a latent growth modeling
approach. Dev Psychopathol. 2015;27(4 Pt 1):1367-83. doi:
10.1017/s0954579414001473.
44. Halladay J, Woock R, El-Khechen H, Munn C, MacKillop
J, Amlung M, et al. Patterns of substance use among
adolescents: a systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend.
2020;216:108222. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108222.
45. Esmaeelzadeh S, Moraros J, Thorpe L, Bird Y. Examining the
association and directionality between mental health disorders
and substance use among adolescents and young adults in the
US and Canada-a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin
Med. 2018;7(12):543. doi: 10.3390/jcm7120543.
46. Vorspan F, Mehtelli W, Dupuy G, Bloch V, Lépine JP. Anxiety
and substance use disorders: co-occurrence and clinical
issues. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2015;17(2):4. doi: 10.1007/
s11920-014-0544-y.
47. Conway KP, Green VR, Kasza KA, Silveira ML, Borek N,
Kimmel HL, et al. Co-occurrence of tobacco product use,
substance use, and mental health problems among youth:
Findings from wave 1 (2013-2014) of the population
assessment of tobacco and health (PATH) study. Addict Behav.
2018;76:208-17. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.08.009.
48. Richter L, Pugh BS, Smith PH, Ball SA. The co-occurrence
of nicotine and other substance use and addiction among
youth and adults in the United States: implications for
research, practice, and policy. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse.
2017;43(2):132-45. doi: 10.1080/00952990.2016.1193511.
49. Khan MT, Mazumder S, Rao M. The trend of characteristics
and pattern of polysubstance co-occurrences among pregnant
women: TEDS-A findings. J Subst Use. 2023:1-8. doi:
10.1080/14659891.2023.2197056.
)