1. Sarkhel S. Kaplan and Sadock’s Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry. 10th ed. Medknow
Publications; 2009. p. 331.
2. Ghazinezhad M, Savalanpour E. Social exclusion and addiction potential among female university students in
Tehran. Iranian Journal of Social Problems. 2009;16(3):139-80. [Persian].
3. Saah T. The evolutionary origins and significance of drug addiction. Harm Reduct J. 2005;2:8. doi: 10.1186/1477-7517-2-8.
4. Mahmoodi H, Abolghasemi A, Soleimani E. The role of attachment styles and defense mechanisms in discriminating cigarette smoker students from non-smokers. J Sabzevar Univ Med Sci. 1970;16(3):134-41. [Persian].
5. Rahimi Movaghar A, Mohammad K, Razaghi E. Trend of drug abuse situation in Iran: a three decade survey. Hakim Res J.
2002;5(3):171-81. [Persian].
6. Ghavidel N, Samadi M, Kharmanbiz A, Asadi A, Feyzi A, Ahmadi R, et al. Investigation of substance use prevalence
and the interrelated factors involved through third-year high school students in Nazarabad city from January 2008 to June
2008. Razi J Med Sci. 2012;19(97):29-37. [Persian].
7. Zhao J, Kong F, Wang Y. Self-esteem and humor style as mediators of the effects of shyness on loneliness among
Chinese college students. Pers Individ Dif. 2012;52(6):686-90. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2011.12.024.
8. Najafi M, Sheikhvatan M, Montazeri A, Sheikhfathollahi M. Quality of life in opium-addicted patients with coronary artery
disease as measured with WHOQOL-BREF. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2009;55(3):247-56. doi: 10.1177/0020764008093600.
9. Safaii N, Kazemi B. Effect of opium use on short-term outcome in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Gen
Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010;58(2):62-7. doi: 10.1007/s11748-009-0529-7.
10. Sadeghian S, Karimi A, Dowlatshahi S, Ahmadi SH, Davoodi S, Marzban M, et al. The association of opium dependence
and postoperative complications following coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a propensity-matched study. J Opioid
Manag. 2009;5(6):365-72. doi: 10.5055/jom.2009.0036.
11. Arria AM, Caldeira KM, Allen HK, Bugbee BA, Vincent KB, O’Grady KE. Prevalence and incidence of drug use
among college students: an 8-year longitudinal analysis. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2017;43(6):711-8. doi:
10.1080/00952990.2017.1310219.
12. Solaimanizadeh L, Solaimanizadeh F, Javadi M, Abasszadeh A. Association between mental health and educational stressful
factors among students of Razi Nursing and Midwifery School in Kerman. Iran J Med Educ. 2011;11(3):200-9. [Persian].
13. Pulido-Martos M, Augusto-Landa JM, Lopez-Zafra E. Sources of stress in nursing students: a systematic review of quantitative
studies. Int Nurs Rev. 2012;59(1):15-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1466-7657.2011.00939.x.
14. Novin MH, Farzadfar F, Pashaei T, Razaghi E. Cross-culture adaptation and psychometric properties of the Persian version of Duke Health Profile. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 2020;14(4):e102765. doi: 10.5812/ijpbs.102765.
15. Weed NC, Butcher JN, McKenna T, Ben-Porath YS. New measures for assessing alcohol and drug abuse with the MMPI-2: the APS and AAS. J Pers Assess. 1992;58(2):389-404. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa5802_15.
16. Zargar Y. Construction of Iranian Addiction Potential Scale. Proceedings of the 2nd Congress on Iranian Psychology Association; 2008. [Persian].
17. Parkerson GR Jr, Broadhead WE, Tse CK. The Duke Health Profile. A 17-item measure of health and dysfunction. Med Care. 1990;28(11):1056-72. doi: 10.1097/00005650-199011000-00007.
18. Zarrabi H, Najafi K, Shirazi M, Borna S, Sabahi E, Nazifi F. Prevalence of substance use among students of Guilan
University of Medical Sciences (2005-2006). J Qazvin Univ Med Sci. 2009;12(4):69-74. [Persian].
19. Fajani S, Janghorbani M, Khosravi A. Prevalence of substance abuse and its association with cigarette smoking in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences students in 2013. Koomesh. 2015;16(4):544-54. [Persian].
20. Kabir K, Mohammadpoorasl A, Esmaeelpour R, Aghazamani F, Rostami F. Tobacco use and substance abuse in students
of Karaj Universities. Int J Prev Med. 2016;7:105. doi: 10.4103/2008-7802.190091.
21. Bucher JT, Vu DM, Hojat M. Psychostimulant drug abuse and personality factors in medical students. Med Teach.
2013;35(1):53-7. doi: 10.3109/0142159x.2012.731099.
22. Merlo LJ, Curran JS, Watson R. Gender differences in substance use and psychiatric distress among medical
students: a comprehensive statewide evaluation. Subst Abus. 2017;38(4):401-6. doi: 10.1080/08897077.2017.1355871.
23. Arora A, Kannan S, Gowri S, Choudhary S, Sudarasanan S, Khosla PP. Substance abuse amongst the medical graduate
students in a developing country. Indian J Med Res. 2016;143(1):101-3. doi: 10.4103/0971-5916.178617.
24. Dumitrascu CI, Mannes PZ, Gamble LJ, Selzer JA. Substance use among physicians and medical students. Med Student Res J. 2014;3(Winter):26-35.
)