1. Bashirian S, Barati M, Karami M, Hamzeh B, Ezati E. The
effect of a web-based educational program on perevention
of hookah smoking among adolescent girls: application of
theory of planned behavior. Addict Health. 2021;13(4):259-
67. doi: 10.22122/ahj.v13i4.1154.
2. Soerjomataram I, Bray F. Planning for tomorrow: global
cancer incidence and the role of prevention 2020-2070. Nat
Rev Clin Oncol. 2021;18(10):663-72. doi: 10.1038/s41571-
021-00514-z.
3. Shiffman S, Hughes JR, Ferguson SG, Pillitteri JL, Gitchell JG,
Burton SL. Smokers’ interest in using nicotine replacement to
aid smoking reduction. Nicotine Tob Res. 2007;9(11):1177-
82. doi: 10.1080/14622200701648441.
4. Ren M, Lotfipour S. Nicotine gateway effects on adolescent
substance use. West J Emerg Med. 2019;20(5):696-709. doi:
10.5811/westjem.2019.7.41661.
5. Hurt RT, Ebbert JO, Croghan IT, Schroeder DR, Hurt RD,
Hays JT. Varenicline for tobacco-dependence treatment in
alcohol-dependent smokers: a randomized controlled trial.
Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;184:12-7. doi: 10.1016/j.
drugalcdep.2017.11.017.
6. Eisenberg MJ, Grandi SM, Gervais A, O’Loughlin J, Paradis G,
Rinfret S, et al. Bupropion for smoking cessation in patients
hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction: a randomized,
placebo-controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(5):524-32. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.08.1030.
7. Planer D, Lev I, Elitzur Y, Sharon N, Ouzan E, Pugatsch T, et
al. Bupropion for smoking cessation in patients with acute
coronary syndrome. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171(12):1055-60.
doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2011.72.
8. Benowitz NL, Pipe A, West R, Hays JT, Tonstad S, McRae
T, et al. Cardiovascular safety of varenicline, bupropion,
and nicotine patch in smokers: a randomized clinical trial.
JAMA Intern Med. 2018;178(5):622-31. doi: 10.1001/
jamainternmed.2018.0397.
9. Stead LF, Perera R, Bullen C, Mant D, Hartmann-Boyce J,
Cahill K, et al. Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking
cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;11:CD000146.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000146.pub4.
10. Cahill K, Stevens S, Perera R, Lancaster T. Pharmacological
interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and
network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2013;2013(5):CD009329. doi: 10.1002/14651858.
CD009329.pub2.
11. Ebbert JO, Hughes JR, West RJ, Rennard SI, Russ C, McRae
TD, et al. Effect of varenicline on smoking cessation through
smoking reduction: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA.
2015;313(7):687-94. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.280.
12. Rigotti NA, Pipe AL, Benowitz NL, Arteaga C, Garza D,
Tonstad S. Efficacy and safety of varenicline for smoking
cessation in patients with cardiovascular disease: a
randomized trial. Circulation. 2010;121(2):221-9. doi:
10.1161/circulationaha.109.869008.
13. Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche
PC, Ioannidis JP, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting
systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate
health care interventions: explanation and elaboration.
J Clin Epidemiol. 2009;62(10):e1-34. doi: 10.1016/j.
jclinepi.2009.06.006.
14. Stang A. Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale
for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies
in meta-analyses. Eur J Epidemiol. 2010;25(9):603-5. doi:
10.1007/s10654-010-9491-z.
15. Sunder Rao PS, Richard J. Introduction to Biostatistics and
Research Methods. 5th ed. New Delhi: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.;
2012. p. 215.
16. Windle SB, Dehghani P, Roy N, Old W, Grondin FR, Bata I, et
al. Smoking abstinence 1 year after acute coronary syndrome:
follow-up from a randomized controlled trial of varenicline in
patients admitted to hospital. CMAJ. 2018;190(12):E347-54.
doi: 10.1503/cmaj.170377.
17. Tashkin DP, Rennard S, Hays JT, Ma W, Lawrence D, Lee TC.
Effects of varenicline on smoking cessation in patients with
mild to moderate COPD: a randomized controlled trial.
Chest. 2011;139(3):591-9. doi: 10.1378/chest.10-0865.
18. Steinberg MB, Randall J, Greenhaus S, Schmelzer AC,
Richardson DL, Carson JL. Tobacco dependence treatment
for hospitalized smokers: a randomized, controlled, pilot trial
using varenicline. Addict Behav. 2011;36(12):1127-32. doi:
10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.07.002.
19. Politis A, Ioannidis V, Gourgoulianis KI, Daniil Z, Hatzoglou
C. Effects of varenicline therapy in combination with
advanced behavioral support on smoking cessation and
quality of life in inpatients with acute exacerbation of COPD,
bronchial asthma, or community-acquired pneumonia:
a prospective, open-label, preference-based, 52-week,
follow-up trial. Chron Respir Dis. 2018;15(2):146-56. doi:
10.1177/1479972317740128.
20. Jiménez Ruiz CA, Ramos Pinedo A, Cicero Guerrero A,
Mayayo Ulibarri M, Cristobal Fernández M, Lopez Gonzalez
G. Characteristics of COPD smokers and effectiveness and safety of smoking cessation medications. Nicotine Tob Res.
2012;14(9):1035-9. doi: 10.1093/ntr/nts001.
21. Shin GH, Yi SW, Cheong YS, Park EW, Choi EY. Compliance
and effectiveness of smoking cessation program started on
hospitalized patients. Korean J Fam Med. 2016;37(3):149-55.
doi: 10.4082/kjfm.2016.37.3.149.
22. Melzer AC, Feemster LC, Collins MP, Au DH. Utilization
and effectiveness of pharmacotherapy for tobacco use
following admission for exacerbation of COPD. J Hosp Med.
2016;11(4):257-63. doi: 10.1002/jhm.2519.
23. Reina SS, Lopez LP, Lozano PV, Garcia-Tenorio RS, Ruiz TL,
Ruiz CA, et al. Use of varenicline in the treatment of smokers
with cardiovascular disease. Eur Respir J. 2013;42(Suppl
57):4940.
24. Coe JW, Brooks PR, Vetelino MG, Wirtz MC, Arnold EP,
Huang J, et al. Varenicline: an alpha4beta2 nicotinic
receptor partial agonist for smoking cessation. J Med Chem.
2005;48(10):3474-7. doi: 10.1021/jm050069n.
25. Rollema H, Coe JW, Chambers LK, Hurst RS, Stahl SM,
Williams KE. Rationale, pharmacology and clinical efficacy
of partial agonists of alpha4beta2 nACh receptors for smoking
cessation. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2007;28(7):316-25. doi:
10.1016/j.tips.2007.05.003.
26. Faessel HM, Smith BJ, Gibbs MA, Gobey JS, Clark DJ,
Burstein AH. Single-dose pharmacokinetics of varenicline, a
selective nicotinic receptor partial agonist, in healthy smokers
and nonsmokers. J Clin Pharmacol. 2006;46(9):991-8. doi:
10.1177/0091270006290669.
27. Obach RS, Reed-Hagen AE, Krueger SS, Obach BJ, O’Connell
TN, Zandi KS, et al. Metabolism and disposition of varenicline,
a selective alpha4beta2 acetylcholine receptor partial agonist,
in vivo and in vitro. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006;34(1):121-30.
doi: 10.1124/dmd.105.006767.
28. Burke MV, Hays JT, Ebbert JO. Varenicline for smoking
cessation: a narrative review of efficacy, adverse effects, use in
at-risk populations, and adherence. Patient Prefer Adherence.
2016;10:435-41. doi: 10.2147/ppa.s83469.
29. Tonstad S, Tønnesen P, Hajek P, Williams KE, Billing CB,
Reeves KR. Effect of maintenance therapy with varenicline
on smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA.
2006;296(1):64-71. doi: 10.1001/jama.296.1.64.
30. Sterling LH, Windle SB, Filion KB, Touma L, Eisenberg MJ.
Varenicline and adverse cardiovascular events: a systematic
review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5(2):e002849. doi: 10.1161/
jaha.115.002849.
31. Singh S, Loke YK, Spangler JG, Furberg CD. Risk of
serious adverse cardiovascular events associated with
varenicline: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ.
2011;183(12):1359-66. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.110218.
32. Williams KE, Reeves KR, Billing CB Jr, Pennington AM, Gong
J. A double-blind study evaluating the long-term safety of
varenicline for smoking cessation. Curr Med Res Opin.
2007;23(4):793-801. doi: 10.1185/030079907x182185.
33. Gonzales D, Rennard SI, Nides M, Oncken C, Azoulay
S, Billing CB, et al. Varenicline, an alpha4beta2 nicotinic
acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, vs sustained-release
bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation: a randomized
controlled trial. JAMA. 2006;296(1):47-55. doi: 10.1001/
jama.296.1.47.
34. Huang Y, Li W, Yang L, Jiang Y, Wu Y. Long-term efficacy and
safety of varenicline for smoking cessation: a systematic
review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J
Public Health. 2012;20(4):355-65. doi: 10.1007/s10389-011-
0476-5.
35. Ahmed S, Virani S, Kotapati VP, Bachu R, Adnan M, Khan
AM, et al. Efficacy and safety of varenicline for smoking
cessation in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Front Psychiatry.
2018;9:428. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00428.