1. Jandaghi F, Neshat-Doost HT, Kalantari M, Jabal-Ameli S.
The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral stress management
group training on anxiety and depression of addicts under
methadone maintenance therapy (MMT). J Clin Psychol.
2012;4(4):41-50. doi: 10.22075/jcp.2017.2106.
2. Reed MB, Wang R, Shillington AM, Clapp JD, Lange JE. The
relationship between alcohol use and cigarette smoking in
a sample of undergraduate college students. Addict Behav.
2007;32(3):449-64. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.05.016.
3. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
Results from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and
Health: Summary of National Findings. Rockville, MD:
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration;
2014. Available from: https://www.samhsa.gov/data/
sites/default/files/NSDUHresultsPDFWHTML2013/Web/
NSDUHresults2013.htm.
4. Amin-Esmaeili M, Rahimi-Movaghar A, Sharifi V, Hajebi A,
Radgoodarzi R, Mojtabai R, et al. Epidemiology of illicit drug
use disorders in Iran: prevalence, correlates, comorbidity
and service utilization results from the Iranian Mental Health
Survey. Addiction. 2016;111(10):1836-47. doi: 10.1111/
add.13453.
5. Amin-Esmaeili M, Rahimi-Movaghar A, Sharifi V, Hajebi
A, Mojtabai R, Radgoodarzi R, et al. Alcohol use disorders
in Iran: prevalence, symptoms, correlates, and comorbidity.
Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;176:48-54. doi: 10.1016/j.
drugalcdep.2017.02.018.
6. Siyam S. Drug abuse prevalence between male students of
different universities in Rasht in 2005. Zahedan J Res Med Sci.
2006;8(4):279-85. [Persian].
7. Foroutani MR, Rezaeian M. Knowledge and drug abuse
among university students in the town of Larestan. Iran Journal
of Nursing. 2005;18(43):21-9. [Persian].
8. Parvizi S, Ahmadi F, Nikbakht Nasrabadi AR. Adolescents’ perspectives on addiction: a qualitative study. Iran J Psychiatry
Clin Psychol. 2005;10(3):250-7. [Persian].
9. de Carvalho e Martins MC, Vilanova CM, do Nascimento
Ferreira de Carvalho IL, de Souza Filho M, de Sousa L, Andrade
F. Alcohol use by Brazilian college students. Fam Med Med Sci
Res. 2016;5(1):194. doi: 10.4172/2327-4972.1000194.
10. Rhemtulla M, Fried EI, Aggen SH, Tuerlinckx F, Kendler KS,
Borsboom D. Network analysis of substance abuse and
dependence symptoms. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;161:230-
7. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.02.005.
11. Sajadi A, Bakhshani N, Hoseinbar M. The Prevalence of Drug
Abuse in Students of Medical Science of Zahedan University.
The 3rd National Addiction Congress in Iran; 2004; Yazd, Iran.
[Persian].
12. Ardakani M, Rafati A. Diagnosis and Treatment of Addiction.
Yazd: Tebgostar; 2009. [Persian].
13. Alexopoulos EC, Jelastopulu E, Aronis K, Dougenis D. Cigarette
smoking among university students in Greece: a comparison
between medical and other students. Environ Health Prev
Med. 2010;15(2):115-20. doi: 10.1007/s12199-009-0110-0.
14. Babaei Heydarabadi A, Ramezankhani A, Barekati H, Vejdani
M, Shariatinejad K, Panahi R, et al. Prevalence of substance
abuse among dormitory students of Shahid Beheshti University
of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Int J High Risk Behav Addict.
2015;4(2):e22350. doi: 10.5812/ijhrba.22350v2.
15. Llorent-Bedmar V, Torres-Zaragoza L, Vidigal-Alfaya S. Legal
and illegal drug consumption among students at the University
of Seville (Spain). Educ Sci. 2023;13(1):55. doi: 10.3390/
educsci13010055.
16. Ayatollahi MT. Principles and Methods of Biostatistics. Tehran:
Amir Kabir; 2023. [Persian].
17. Dolatshahee B, Yaghubi H, Riazi SA, Peyravi H, Hassan
Abadi HR, Poursharifi H, et al. Construction and validation
of “national scale of students life profile”: a preliminary
study. J Appl Psychol Res. 2016;7(3):115-25. doi: 10.22059/
japr.2016.60970. [Persian].
18. Momen-Nasab M, Najafi SS, Kaveh MH, Ahmadpour F.
Prevalence of risky health behaviors among the students of
Khorramabad universities. Yafteh. 2006;8(2):23-9. [Persian].
19. Eneh AU, Stanley PC. Pattern of substance use among
secondary school students in Rivers State. Niger J Med.
2004;13(1):36-9.
20. Abdullah AS, Fielding R, Hedley AJ. Patterns of cigarette
smoking, alcohol use and other substance use among
Chinese university students in Hong Kong. Am J Addict.
2002;11(3):235-46. doi: 10.1080/10550490290088018.
21. Epstein JA, Botvin GJ, Baker E, Diaz T. Impact of social
influences and problem behavior on alcohol use among
inner-city Hispanic and black adolescents. J Stud Alcohol.
1999;60(5):595-604. doi: 10.15288/jsa.1999.60.595.
22. Arslan H, Sari E. Effects of socioeconomic levels of families
and family relations on substance addiction of adolescents.
Med Sci. 2019;8(3):726-31.
23. Taraghijah S, Hamdiyeh M, Yaghoubi N. Predictors of smoking
shisha in public universities. J Res Med Sci. 2010;34(4):249-
56. [Persian].
24. Serajzadeh SH, Feizi I. Drugs and alcohol use among Iranian
students: a survey study on state non-medical universities.
Social Welfare Quarterly. 2007;6(25):85-110.
25. Madadi A, Nogani F. The Textbook of Addiction and Substance
Abuse. Tehran: Jame-e-Negar; 2004. p. 10. [Persian].
26. Richardson JL, Dwyer K, McGuigan K, Hansen WB, Dent
C, Johnson CA, et al. Substance use among eighth-grade
students who take care of themselves after school. Pediatrics.
1989;84(3):556-66.
27. Johnston LD, O’Malley PM, Bachman JG, Schulenberg JE,
Miech RA. Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on
Drug Use, 1975-2014: Volume II, College Students and Adults
Ages 19-55. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research,
University of Michigan; 2015.
28. Hibell B, Guttormsson U, Ahlström S, Balakireva O, Bjarnason
T, Kokkevi A, et al. The 2015 ESPAD Report: Substance Use
Amongst Students in 36 European Countries. Stockholm,
Sweden: EPSAD; 2015.
29. Abbasi-Ghahramanloo A, Rahimi-Movaghar A, Zeraati H,
Fotouhi A. Pattern of substance use among students of medical
sciences in Tehran, Iran: a latent class analysis. J Subst Use.
2018;23(6):648-54. doi: 10.1080/14659891.2018.1489007.
30. Amin-Esmaeili M, Rahimi-Movaghar A, Yunesian M, Sahimi-
Izadian E, Moinolghorabaei M. Trend of smoking among
students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences: results
from four consecutive surveys from 2006 to 2009. Med J Islam
Repub Iran. 2013;27(4):168-78.
31. Wagner GA, de Oliveira LG, Barroso LP, Nishimura R, Ishihara
LM, de Andrade Stempliuk V, et al. Drug use in college
students: a 13-year trend. Rev Saude Publica. 2012;46(3):497-
504. doi: 10.1590/s0034-89102012005000033.
32. Kabir K, Mohammadpoorasl A, Esmaeelpour R, Aghazamani
F, Rostami F. Tobacco use and substance abuse in students
of Karaj universities. Int J Prev Med. 2016;7:105. doi:
10.4103/2008-7802.190091.
33. Afifi RA, El Asmar K, Bteddini D, Assi M, Yassin N, Bitar S, et al.
Bullying victimization and use of substances in high school:
does religiosity moderate the association? J Relig Health.
2020;59(1):334-50. doi: 10.1007/s10943-019-00789-8.
34. de Andrés-Sánchez J, Belzunegui-Eraso A, Fernández-Aliseda
S. Religion as a protective factor against adolescent smoking
habits: evidence from Spain. Christian Journal for Global
Health. 2021;8(2):16-23.
35. Talaei A, Mokhber N, Fayyazi Bordbar MR, Javanbakh A,
Samari AA. Patterns and correlates of substance use among
university students in Iran. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci.
2008;2(2):15-22.
36. Ahmadi J, Maharlooy N, Alishahi M. Substance abuse:
prevalence in a sample of nursing students. J Clin Nurs.
2004;13(1):60-4. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2702.2003.00841.x.
37. Kenna GA, Wood MD. Substance use by pharmacy and
nursing practitioners and students in a northeastern state.
Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2004;61(9):921-30. doi: 10.1093/
ajhp/61.9.921.
38. Singh H, Maharaj HD, Shipp M. Pattern of substance abuse
among secondary school students in Trinidad and Tobago.
Public Health. 1991;105(6):435-41. doi: 10.1016/s0033-
3506(05)80613-4.
)