ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Age of Onset of Methamphetamine Consumption among the Iranian Youth Aged 19-29: A Cross-sectional Study
AbstractBackground: Around the world, one of the main concerns and risky behaviors among youths ismethamphetamine consumption. Since the age of onset of methamphetamine use is decreasing, therefore, itis important to identify the effective factors on the age of onset of methamphetamine consumption. In thepresent study, factors affecting the age of onset of methamphetamine consumption was studied in Iranianyouths aged 19-29 years.Methods: In this cross-sectional nationwide study, individuals aged 19-29 years were selected throughmultistage cluster sampling and convenience sampling method from 13 provinces in Iran. People completedthe questionnaire pertaining to knowledge, attitude, and history of methamphetamine consumption. In orderto investigate the factors effective on the age of onset of methamphetamine consumption, we used theWeibull parametric model for data with doubly censored characteristic.Findings: 3246 people participated in this study, half of whom were men and mostly single (60.4%),university student or graduate (50.2%), and unemployed (58.1%). Nearly 6% of participants have ever usedmethamphetamine. Mean and standard deviation (SD) of age of onset of methamphetamine use was20.3 ± 3.3 years. Data analysis indicated that the variables of gender, marital status, education, knowing amethamphetamine consumer, knowing an ecstasy consumer, ecstasy consumption, illegitimate sex,attitude towards methamphetamine, and age group were the factors affecting the age of onset ofmethamphetamine consumption.Conclusion: The results can contribute to the policy-makers to take the necessary interventions on the factorsaffecting the age of onset of methamphetamine consumption to reduce the methamphetamine consumption,especially in the critical young ages.
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Keywords: Methamphetamine
Age of onset
survival
Iran
Hadiseh
Darvishzadeh
hadiseh.darvishzadeh@gmail.com
1
HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
moghaddameh
mirzaee
moghadameh_mirzai@yahoo.com
2
Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Yunes
Jahani
yonesjahani@yahoo.com
3
Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Hamid
Sharifi
sharifihami@gmail.com
4
HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of Khat Chewing on the Salivary pH before and after Using Mouthwashes
AbstractBackground: Saliva is a biological fluid that has multiple protective functions. These functions can beattained only if the saliva keeps certain physo-chemical properties such as pH.Methods: The main purpose of the current study was to compare the salivary pH among khat chewers andnon-khat chewers before and after specific intervals (15, 30, and 60 minutes) of using three commerciallyavailable mouthwashes (MWs). Thirty pharmacy student volunteers were divided into three groups of 10 forthe three MWs. Each group was then subdivided into 5 volunteers as khat chewer and non-khat chewer. Thestatistical evaluation was carried out by using paired t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) for in vivostudy of salivary pH.Findings: Low salivary pH in all khat-user volunteers before and after using MWs was indicated. There wasan increase in the salivary pH after 15 minutes of rinsing with the three selected MWs for both groups ofvolunteers, after that there was a gradual decrease to the initial pH. The difference between the three groupswas not significant at baseline and after 15 minutes, but there was a significant difference after 30 and 60minutes for the non-khat-chewing and khat-chewing volunteers.Conclusion: It can be concluded that using MWs results in altering salivary pH and continuous khat chewinglowers the baseline pH of saliva and ability to compensate the change of salivary pH.
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Mouthwashes
Khat
Saliva
Wafa
Badulla
aden.wf.77@gmail.com
1
Section of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aden University, Aden, Yemen
LEAD_AUTHOR
Abdul-Rahman
Ben Yahiya
abinyahia@yahoo.com
2
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aden University, Aden, Yemen
AUTHOR
1. de Almeida Pdel V, Gregio AM, Machado MA, de
1
Lima AA, Azevedo LR. Saliva composition and
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functions: A comprehensive review. J Contemp Dent
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plaque and salivary sediment and the oral clearance
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of milk. Caries Res 1977; 11(4): 223-30.
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4. Edgar M, Dawes C, O'Mullane D. Saliva and oral
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health. 4th ed. Bicester, UK: Stephen Hancocks
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Limited; 2012. p. 4.
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5. Akande OO, Alada A, Aderinokun GA, Ige AO.
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bacterial load count in healthy adults. Afr J Biomed
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Res 2004; 7: 125-8.
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6. Kennedy JG. The botany, chemistry and
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flower of paradise: the institutionalized use of the
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drug Qat in North Yemen. New York, NY: Springer;
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1987. p. 176-88.
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Khazaal Y, Zullino DF. Khat use: lifestyle or
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addiction? J Psychoactive Drugs 2009; 41(1): 1-10.
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nicotine dependence in U.K. resident Yemeni khat
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chewers: A cross-sectional study. Nicotine Tob Res
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2011; 13(12): 1240-9.
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9. Al-Motarreb A, Al-Habori M, Broadley KJ. Khat
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chewing, cardiovascular diseases and other internal
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2010; 132(3): 540-8.
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updated review. Addict Biol 2005; 10(4): 299-307.
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Remmerbach TW. Clinical and cytological study of
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the oral mucosa of smoking and non-smoking qat
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chewers in Yemen. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 20(4):
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13. Al-Sharabi AK, Shuga-Aldin H, Ghandour I,
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qat chewing among 2500 Yemeni. J Oral Pathol Med
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2004; 33(6): 368-72.
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15. Schmidt-Westhausen AM, Al Sanabani J, Al-Sharabi
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AK. Prevalence of oral white lesions due to qat
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20(7): 675-81.
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Periodontal Tissues and Oral Hygiene Status among
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J Clin Exp Dent 2014; 6(5): e460-e466.
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University. Oral Oncol 2013; 49(Suppl 1): S59.
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Khurtum, Sudan: Faculty of Dentistry, University of
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parameters: Comparative study among Yemeni khat
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Effect of Khat Chewing on the Salivary pH Badulla and Yahiya
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symptoms significantly higher among long-term khat
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(Catha edulis) users in Ethiopia. Epidemiol Health
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26. Masoud A, Al-Qaisy A, Al-Faqeeh A, Al-Makhadri
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Salimetrics; 2015.
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28. Paraskevas S, Danser MM, Timmerman MF, Van
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der V, van der Weijden GA. Optimal rinsing time for
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Clin Periodontol 2005; 32(6): 665-9.
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buffer effect of resting and stimulated whole saliva
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as a function of age and sex. Swed Dent J 1983; 7(6):
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Oral Medicine and Dental Education 2009; 3: 1-4.
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Periodontol 2001; 28(4): 319-24.
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potential of commercially available mouthrinses on
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enamel as measured by Quantitative Light-induced
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Fluorescence (QLF). J Dent 2003; 31(5): 313-9.
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hypersensitivity--effects of some proprietary
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2015; 3: 192.
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Quintessence Pub. Co.; 1995. p. 459-90.
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effectiveness of Religious-Spiritual Group Therapy on Spiritual Health and Quality of Life in Methadone-treated Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Background: Spirituality is one of the most important factors that can contribute to the recovery of substanceuse disorder (SUD). The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of the religious-spiritual grouptherapy on the spiritual health and the quality of life in methadone-treated patients.Methods: This study was carried out in Qom City, Iran, in 2018. 72 methadone-treated patients wererandomly selected and assigned in two groups: the experimental group (which received religious-spiritualtherapy) and control group (which received no treatment). At the beginning of the study (pre-test), eightweeks after the start of the study (post-test), and three months after the start of the study (follow-up test), allparticipants completed the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF)questionnaire and the Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS). Participants in the experimental group received 8sessions (90 minutes for each session) of spiritual and religious training, while the control group received noreligious-spiritual intervention; it just was trained with general information on addiction. Data were analyzedusing SPSS software and descriptive and inferential statistics methods.Findings: The results of repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that there was nosignificant difference between the intervention and control groups in the pretest, but religious-spiritualtraining significantly increased spiritual health and the patients' quality of life (P < 0.001).Conclusion: Religious-spiritual education can improve the quality of life and spiritual well-being inmethadone-treated patients. The findings suggest that religious -spiritual education can be considered as aninexpensive, accessible, useful, and effective treatment for SUD treatment
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org/10.22122/ahj.v11i3.238
Religious beliefs
Spirituality
Quality of Life
Methadone
Health
Mehdi
Yaghubi
1
Spiritual Health Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Abdekhoda
2
Tavallodi Dobareh Substance Abuse Treatment Center, Qom, Iran
AUTHOR
Samira
Khani
pharma_75@yahoo.com
3
Neuroscience Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
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Services Administration; 2013.
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3. Levy S. Youth and the opioid epidemic. Pediatrics
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2019; 143(2): e20182752.
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4. Alaghemandan H, Ghaffari DM, Khorasani E,
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Namazi E, Maniyan MH, Barati M. Personality traits
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and their relationship to demographic features in
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city of Isfahan, Iran. Iran J Public Health 2015;
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44(4): 551-60.
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5. Blume AW. Treating drug problems. 1 st ed.
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Hoboken, NJ: Wiley; 2005.
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6. Allen TM, Lo CC. Religiosity, spirituality, and
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substance abuse. J Drug Issues 2010; 40(2): 433-59.
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7. Frenk J, Chen L, Bhutta ZA, Cohen J, Crisp N,
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Evans T, et al. Health professionals for a new
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Hoboken, NJ: Wiley; 2005.
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Individ Dif 2002; 32(8): 1377-90.
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effects of Modafinil on Sleep Pattern during Methamphetamine Withdrawal: A Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial
Background: Methamphetamine (MA) abuse is a serious and costly public health problem worldwide; It also commonly affects the sleep quality. The present study was carried out aiming to evaluate the effectiveness of modafinil versus placebo on sleep pattern in MA withdrawal during an eight-week period. Methods: In a double-blind randomized controlled study, a total of 80 patients with a confirmed diagnosis MA withdrawal were treated with modafinil (200 mg/day). Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) were used to assess sleep pattern in the 1th and 56th days of the study. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was applied to compare the groups. All analyses were performed by using SPSS software with a 5% significance level. Findings: The mean age of the people in the intervention and placebo groups was 32.92 ± 2.06 and 34.08 ± 2.13 years, respectively. The mean scores of ESS decreased from 16.15 ± 4.50 to 9.15 ± 3.34 after the intervention in the modafinil group (P < 0.001), with no significant reduction in the placebo group (P = 0.990). The mean scores of PSQI decreased from 13.88 ± 3.40 to 9.92 ± 3.10 after the intervention in the modafinil group (P < 0.001), however there was no significant reduction in the placebo group (P = 0.980). The value of the Eta effect size of the PSQI and ESS questionnaires was 0.52 and 0.72, respectively. Modafinil was superior to placebo in improving the PSQI and ESS scales in the 56th day of assessment (P < 0.050). Conclusion: Modafinil improves the sleep quality in patients with MA withdrawal.
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_89528_5bb3ba1bfd65788714d6949f822cc7d6.pdf
2019-07-01
165
172
org/10.22122/ahj.v11i3.219
Methamphetamine
Modafinil
Placebo
sleep
Seyed Mohamad
Moosavi
1
Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
AUTHOR
Jamshid
Yazdani-Charati
2
Department of Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
AUTHOR
Fatemeh
Amini
f.amini@mazums.ac.ir
3
Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Rezaei F, Emami M, Zahed S, Morabbi MJ, Farahzadi M, Akhondzadeh S. Sustained-release methylphenidate in methamphetamine dependence treatment: A double-blind and placebo-controlled trial. Daru 2015; 23: 2.
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2. Alemikhah M, Faridhosseini F, Kordi H, Rasouli-Azad M, Shahini N. Comparative study of the activity of brain behavioral systems in methamphetamine and opiate dependents. Int J High Risk Behav Addict 2016; 5(1): e25075.
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3. Lashkaripour K, Torbati E. Methamphetamine
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dependency. Int J High Risk Behav Addict 2012; 1(1): 7-8.
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4. Alam-mehrjerdi Z, Mokri A, Dolan K. Methamphetamine use and treatment in Iran: A systematic review from the most populated Persian Gulf country. Asian J Psychiatr 2015; 16: 17-25.
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5. Ekhtiari H, Alam-Mehrjerdi Z, Hassani-Abharian P, Nouri M, Farnam R, Mokri A. Examination and evaluation of craving-inductive verbal cues among Persian-speaking methamphetamine abusers. Adv Cogn Sci 2010; 12(2): 69-82.
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Proof Version
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Effects of Modafinil on Sleep Pattern during MA Withdrawal Moosavi et al.
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9. Heinzerling KG, Swanson AN, Kim S, Cederblom L, Moe A, Ling W, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of modafinil for the treatment of methamphetamine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2010; 109(1-3): 20-9.
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Effects of Modafinil on Sleep Pattern during MA Withdrawal Moosavi et al.
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Population Size Estimation of Tramadol Misusers in Urban Population in Iran: Synthesis of Methods and Results
Background: Estimating the population who use drugs is essential for planning, monitoring, and evaluation of substance use prevention and treatment. This study aims to estimate the population who misuse tramadol in urban population in Iran. Methods: We used the wisdom of the experts (WOTE) and network scale-up (NSU) methods to calculate the population of tramadol misusers in 10 provincial capitals of Iran, in 2016. The WOTE was conducted among pharmacists in drugstores and the personnel of traditional medicinal herbs stores. They guessed the best estimation of tramadol misusers population in their cities. The NSU method was conducted among the general population and participants were questioned about ever and daily, non-medical use of tramadol during last 12 months in their network. The median of the methods was used to calculate the proportion of the adult population (15-49 years old). Findings: The population size of tramadol misusers in studied cities was 83300 [95% uncertainty limits (UL): 47960-256220]. This corresponded to 6.6 per 1000 (95% UL: 3.88-20.30) of the 15-49-year-old population. The projected number of tramadol misusers for all 31 provincial capitals was 118290 (95% UL: 68100-363130840) and 212440 (95% UL: 122310-653410) for all urban areas. NSU also estimated the number of people who misuse tramadol on daily basis. These numbers were 52000 (95% UL: 19940-176570) for studied cities, 73840 (95% UL: 28320-250740) for all 31 provincial capital cities, and 132610 (95% UL: 50860-450310) for all urban areas in Iran. Conclusion: This study presents information on high prevalence of tramadol misuse in urban population. We need national control measures and demand reduction programs to control tramadol misuse.
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_89530_cca4b6de0485bb069b91d8bd784b2d0c.pdf
2019-07-01
173
182
org/10.22122/ahj.v11i3.240
Tramadol
Prescription drug misuse
Population
Network scale-up method
Wisdom of the experts
Iran
Naser
Nasiri
1
Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
AUTHOR
Leili
Abedi
2
HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Ahmad
Hajebi
hajebi.ahmad1@gmail.com
3
Research Center for Addiction and Risky Behaviors AND Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Alireza
Noroozi
a_r_noroozi@yahoo.com
4
Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine AND Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Malahat
Khalili
5
HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Maryam
Chegeni
6
HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Sairan
Nili
7
Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Moslem
Taheri-Soodejani
8
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Mehdi
Noroozi
9
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Armita
Shahesmaili
10
HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Hamid
Sharifi
sharifihami@gmail.com
11
LEAD_AUTHOR
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8. Salehi-Isfahani D. Iranian youth in times of economic crisis. Iran Stud 2011; 44(6): 789-806.
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9. Momtazi S, Rawson R. Substance abuse among Iranian high school students. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2010; 23(3): 221-6.
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29. Bassiony MM, Abdelghani M, Salah El-Deen GM, Hassan MS, El-Gohari H, Youssef UM. Opioid use disorders attributed to tramadol among Egyptian university students. J Addict Med 2018; 12(2): 150-5.
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30. Nazarzadeh M, Bidel Z, Ayubi E, Bahrami A, Jafari F, Mohammadpoorasl A, et al. Smoking status in Iranian male adolescents: A cross-sectional study and a meta-analysis. Addict Behav 2013; 38(6): 2214-8.
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31. Eassa BI, El-Shazly MA. Safety and efficacy of tramadol hydrochloride on treatment of premature ejaculation. Asian J Androl 2013; 15(1): 138-42.
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32. Abood EA, Wazaify M. Abuse and misuse of prescription and nonprescription drugs from community pharmacies in Aden City-Yemen. Subst Use Misuse 2016; 51(7): 942-7.
38
33. Javadi M, Ashrafi N, Salari P. Assessment of pharmacists experiences and attitudes toward professionalism and its challenges in pharmacy practice. Iran J Pharm Res 2018; 17(Suppl): 168-77.
39
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Development and Psychometric Assessment of the Methadone Therapy Experiences Questionnaire among Patients under Treatment
Background: Patient experiences play an important role in the quality of health care and gathering patients’ experiences is common as part of quality measurement in health care. The present study was carried out with the aim of developing and psychometric analysis of the methadone therapy experiences questionnaire among patients under treatment with methadone. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in 2018 and 200 patients referred to the addiction treatment clinics in Kerman, Iran, participated in this study. The convenient sampling method was employed. The validity was assessed using the opinions of 50 individuals similar to the target population and 8 experts. In addition, the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was utilized to examine the test-retest reliability. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in the SPSS software. Findings: The face validity of the questionnaire was acceptable in the present study and the values for content validity were higher than 0.79, indicating the appropriate content validity of the questionnaire [content validity index (CVI) = 0.82 and content validity ratio (CVR) = 0.83]. Moreover, the results confirmed the reliability or reproducibility of the questionnaire (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.83). Conclusion: The methadone therapy experiences questionnaire was of a good validity and reliability among the patients. In the clinical area, the psychiatrists, psychologists, authorities, and staff in addiction treatment clinics can identify the quality of treatment and its strengths and weaknesses using this questionnaire.
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_89531_1d6de4cf0c914b1de43911ffc9bfb2b5.pdf
2019-07-01
183
191
org/10.22122/ahj.v11i3.241
Questionnaire
Validity
Reliability
Methadone
Saeideh
Homaei
1
Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Nabi
Bannazadeh
2
Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Farzaneh
Roaei
3
Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Hassan
Ziaaddini
addictionhealthjournal@gmail.com
4
Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Xiao L, Wu Z, Luo W, Wei X. Quality of life of outpatients in methadone maintenance treatment clinics. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010; 53(Suppl 1): S116-S120.
1
2. Ezzati M, Lopez AD, Rodgers A, Vander HS, Murray CJ. Selected major risk factors and global and regional burden of disease. Lancet 2002; 360(9343): 1347-60.
2
3. Dastjerdi G, Ebrahimi Dehshiri V, Kholasezadeh G, Ehsani F. Effectiveness of methadone in reduction of high risk behaviors in clients of MMT center. J Shahid Sadoughi Univ Med Sci 2010; 18(Supppl 3): 215-9. [In Persian].
3
4. Hall WD, Mattick RP. Oral substitution treatments for opioid dependence. Lancet 2008; 371(9631): 2150-1.
4
5. Joseph H, Stancliff S, Langrod J. Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT): A review of historical and clinical issues. Mt Sinai J Med 2000; 67(5-6): 347-64.
5
6. Barnett PG. Comparison of costs and utilization among buprenorphine and methadone patients. Addiction 2009; 104(6): 982-92.
6
7. Teoh Bing FJ, Yee A, Habil MH, Danaee M. Effectiveness of methadone maintenance therapy and improvement in quality of life following a decade of implementation. J Subst Abuse Treat 2016; 69: 50-6.
7
8. Tagger F. The effects of methadone therapy in the prevention of risk behavior. Journal of Sanrise Heatlh 2009; 8(1): 2-3.
8
9. Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, Ruiz P. Kaplan and Sadock's synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2010.
9
10. Bart G, Lenz S, Straka RJ, Brundage RC. Ethnic and genetic factors in methadone pharmacokinetics: a population pharmacokinetic study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 145: 185-93.
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11. Roohani S, Salarieh I, Abedi S, Kheyrkhah F. Impact of methadone maintenance treatment on the quality of life of opioid dependent patients in city of Babol. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci 2012; 22(87): 46-55. [In Persian].
11
12. Banazadeh N, Abedi HA, Kheradmand A. Opiate dependants' experiences of the established therapeutic relationship in methadone centers: Qualitative study. J Kerman Univ Med Sci 2009; 16(2): 144-54. [In Persian].
12
13. Caplehorn JR, Lumley TS, Irwig L. Staff attitudes
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and retention of patients in methadone maintenance programs. Drug Alcohol Depend 1998; 52(1): 57-61.
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17. Doyle C, Lennox L, Bell D. A systematic review of evidence on the links between patient experience and clinical safety and effectiveness. BMJ Open 2013; 3(1): e001570.
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19. Rattray J, Jones MC. Essential elements of questionnaire design and development. J Clin Nurs 2007; 16(2): 234-43.
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20. Haugum M, Iversen HH, Bjertnaes O, Lindahl AK. Patient experiences questionnaire for interdisciplinary treatment for substance dependence (PEQ-ITSD): Reliability and validity following a national survey in Norway. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17(1): 73.
21
21. Kimman ML, Rotteveel AH, Wijsenbeek M, Mostard R, Tak NC, van J, X, et al. Development and Pretesting of a Questionnaire to Assess Patient Experiences and Satisfaction with Medications (PESaM Questionnaire). Patient 2017; 10(5): 629-42.
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22. Hassanzadeh Rangi N, Allahyari T, Khosravi Y, Zaeri F, Saremi M. Development of an Occupational Cognitive Failure Questionnaire (OCFQ): Evaluation validity and reliability. Iran Occup Health 2012; 9(1): 29-40. [In Persian].
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23. Abdollahpour I, Nedjat S, Noroozian M, Majdzadeh R. Performing content validation process in development of questionnaires. Iran J Epidemiol 2011; 6(4): 66-74. [In Persian].
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25. Mohammadbeigi A, Mohammadsalehi N, Aligol M. Validity and reliability of the instruments and types of measurments in health applied researches. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2015; 13(12): 1153-70. [In Persian].
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26. Vakilzadeh P, Nakhaee N. The reliability and validity of the Persian version of the Brief Pain Inventory in cancer patients. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2006; 5(4): 253-8. [In Persian].
27
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Alcohol Abuse, Consequences and Treatments from the Perspective of Traditional Iranian Medicine: A Review Study
Background: Alcohol use has always been prevalent in human societies, but in many Muslim-majority countries, including Iran, national laws prohibit the consumption of this substance. Methods: In this study, reference books on traditional Iranian medicine and electronic documents from Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus were searched for entries about the consequences and treatments of alcohol abuse. Findings: Seminal books of traditional Iranian medicine refer to alcoholic beverages using two terms, namely, “khamr” and “sharâb” (wine). These sources indicate that the temperament of “sharâb” is generally warm but may vary depending on color, taste, concentration, and age. Traditional Iranian medicine views wine as a cause of multiple adverse effects on health. Conclusion: Traditional Iranian medicine advocates the beliefs that no level of alcohol use is beneficial for health and that physicians should advise against alcohol consumption even in small amounts. Scholars of indigenous medical practices have long been opposed to the adoption of wine as a remedy or otherwise, as they believe that the benefits of alcohol are dwarfed by its harmful effects.
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_89493_9935521a674f9a6fe3a8e035fffc8d64.pdf
2019-07-01
192
201
.org/10.22122/ahj.v11i3.236
lcohol abuse
Medicine, Traditional
traditional medicine
Masoud
Moghadari
1
Neurosciences Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology AND Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Traditional Iranian Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Haleh
Tajeddini
2
Neurosciences Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology AND Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Traditional Iranian Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Setayesh
3
Neurosciences Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology AND Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Traditional Iranian Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohadese
Kamali
mohadesekamali0912@gmail.com
4
Neuroscience institute, Traditional Iranian medicine Faculty, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Room R, Babor T, Rehm J. Alcohol and public health. Lancet 2005; 365(9458): 519-30.
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2. Griswold MG, Fullman N, Hawley C, Arian N, Zimsen SR, Tymeson HD, et al. Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 2018; 392(10152): 1015-35.
2
3. Roshanpajouh M. A comparative review on national alcohol prevention policies in different selected countries. Asia Pac J Med Toxicol 2014; 3(Supplement 1): 22.
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4. Axley PD, Richardson CT, Singal AK. Epidemiology of alcohol consumption and societal burden of alcoholism and alcoholic liver disease. Clin Liver Dis 2019; 23(1): 39-50.
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5. Connor JP, Haber PS, Hall WD. Alcohol use disorders. Lancet 2016; 387(10022): 988-98.
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6. Peacock A, Leung J, Larney S, Colledge S, Hickman M, Rehm J, et al. Global statistics on alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use: 2017 status report. Addiction 2018; 113(10): 1905-26.
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11. Tergas AI, Wright JD. Cancer prevention strategies for women. Obstet Gynecol 2019; 134(1): 30-43.
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12. McGee EE, Kiblawi R, Playdon MC, Eliassen AH. Nutritional metabolomics in cancer epidemiology: current trends, challenges, and future directions. Curr Nutr Rep 2019.
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13. Praud D, Rota M, Rehm J, Shield K, Zatonski W, Hashibe M, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality attributable to alcohol consumption. Int J Cancer 2016; 138(6): 1380-7.
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14. Assi N, Rinaldi S, Viallon V, Dashti SG, Dossus L, Fournier A, et al. Mediation analysis of the alcohol-postmenopausal breast cancer relationship by sex hormones in the EPIC cohort. Int J Cancer 2019. [Epub ahead of print].
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15. Bagnardi V, Rota M, Botteri E, Tramacere I, Islami F, Fedirko V, et al. Alcohol consumption and site-
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specific cancer risk: A comprehensive dose-response meta-analysis. Br J Cancer 2015; 112(3): 580-93.
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17. Peng Q, Chen H, Huo JR. Alcohol consumption and corresponding factors: A novel perspective on the risk factors of esophageal cancer. Oncol Lett 2016; 11(5): 3231-9.
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18. Ma K, Baloch Z, He TT, Xia X. Alcohol consumption and gastric cancer risk: A meta-analysis. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23: 238-46.
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19. Chuang SC, Lee YC, Wu GJ, Straif K, Hashibe M. Alcohol consumption and liver cancer risk: A meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control 2015; 26(9): 1205-31.
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21. Yeligar SM, Chen MM, Kovacs EJ, Sisson JH, Burnham EL, Brown LA. Alcohol and lung injury and immunity. Alcohol 2016; 55: 51-9.
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Occurrence of Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy after Synthetic Cannabinoid Consumption
Background: Synthetic cannabinoid use such as “K2” and “Spice” is popular secondary to its inability to be detected in a urine drug screen. It is associated with a wide range of myocardial pathologies including obstructive and non-obstructive coronary disease such as Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Case Report: A case report of an emancipated 15-year-old male experiencing Takotsubo cardiomyopathy after using the synthetic cannabinoid “Spice” is presented here. Conclusion: Synthetic cannabinoids act as full agonists and bind to cannabinoid receptors (CB receptors) with a much greater potency compared to natural forms of marijuana. In particular, “Spice” decreases the release of glutamate via the CB receptor type 1 (CB1 receptor) in higher concentrations, which causes mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, substances released in response to stressful environments being experienced in the body. These effects can cause the sympathetic system to become activated by synthetic cannabinoid use, leading to a surge in catecholamines and a change from normal positive inotropy to abnormally-mediated negative inotropy. Use of synthetic cannabinoids can therefore be associated with Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. This case has important implications for additional examination secondary to the sparse information describing co-occurrence of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy and synthetic cannabinoid use.
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_89529_8d2e1dc223b46668ac34df04851ea139.pdf
2019-07-01
202
206
org/10.22122/ahj.v11i3.239
Designer drugs
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
Cannabinoids
Denelle
Mohammed
dmohammed@mail.sjsm.org
1
Saint James School of Medicine, Park Ridge, Illinois, United States of America
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mills B, Yepes A, Nugent K. Synthetic cannabinoids. Am J Med Sci 2015; 350(1): 59-62.
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2. Fattore L, Fratta W. Beyond THC: The new generation of cannabinoid designer drugs. Front Behav Neurosci 2011; 5: 60.
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3. Hua T, Vemuri K, Pu M, Qu L, Han GW, Wu Y, et al. Crystal structure of the human cannabinoid receptor CB1. Cell 2016; 167(3): 750-62.
3
4. Cooper ZD. Adverse effects of synthetic cannabinoids: Management of acute toxicity and withdrawal. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2016; 18(5): 52.
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5. Gudsoorkar VS, Perez JA. A new differential diagnosis: synthetic cannabinoids-associated acute
5
renal failure. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 2015; 11(3): 189-91.
6
6. Templin C, Ghadri JR, Diekmann J, Napp LC, Bataiosu DR, Jaguszewski M, et al. Clinical features and outcomes of Takotsubo (Stress) cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 2015; 373(10): 929-38.
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7. Tsuchihashi K, Ueshima K, Uchida T, Oh-mura N, Kimura K, Owa M, et al. Transient left ventricular apical ballooning without coronary artery stenosis: A novel heart syndrome mimicking acute myocardial infarction. Angina Pectoris-Myocardial Infarction Investigations in Japan. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 38(1): 11-8.
8
Proof Version
9
Drug-induced Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Mohammed.
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8. Paur H, Wright PT, Sikkel MB, Tranter MH, Mansfield C, O'Gara P, et al. High levels of circulating epinephrine trigger apical cardiodepression in a beta2-adrenergic receptor/Gi-dependent manner: A new model of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2012; 126(6): 697-706.
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9. Ramshini E, Dabiri S, Arjmand S, Sepehri G, Khaksari M, Ahmadi-Zeidabadi M, et al. Attenuation effect of cannabinoid type 1 receptor activation on methamphetamine-induced neurodegeneration and locomotion impairments among male rats. Addict Health 2017; 9(4): 206-13.
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14. Pacher P, Steffens S, Hasko G, Schindler TH, Kunos G. Cardiovascular effects of marijuana and synthetic cannabinoids: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Nat Rev Cardiol 2018; 15(3): 151-66.
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