ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Efficacy of Smoking Cessation on Stress, Anxiety, and Depression in Smokers with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
Background: Stress, anxiety, and depression have been reported as very common comorbidities in smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study was aimed to investigate the effectiveness of smoking cessation on stress, anxiety, and depression in smokers with COPD. Methods: Three block-randomized controlled trial groups with a block size of 6 and 9 including guided self-change (GSC) (n = 19), nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) (n = 19), and combined GSC-NRT (n = 19) with a follow-up of 29 weeks were considered in this research. Participants included elderly adult smokers with COPD. The patients carried out 5 weekly GSC counseling sessions and NRT for smoking cessation. Transtheoretical Model (TTM) questionnaire, Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS), the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) as well as the exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) were evaluated over the baseline and 12 and 29 weeks following treatments. Findings: COPD participants with mean of 23 daily cigarette smoking completed the current study. The odds ratio (OR) of smoking cessation in GSC and GSC-NRT groups decreased more than NRT group. In addition, DASS, FTND, and the exhaled CO in GSC and GSC-NRT groups showed a better performance compared with the NRT group. Conclusion: The results showed that GSC and combined GSC-NRT therapy were significantly more effective than NRT alone. Also, the findings showed that GSC, NRT, and combined GSC-NRT were effective on stress, depression, and anxiety decreasing in smoking cessation. It seems that reducing smoking is associated with recovery in stress, anxiety, and depression in smokers with COPD.
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_85160_3813e8b11c034917da04ed9cb9ab9057.pdf
2018-08-01
137
147
http://dx.doi.org/10.22122/ahj.v10i3.600
smoking cessation
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Life stress
depression
Anxiety
Mehran
Zarghami
mehran.zarghami@gmail.com
1
Professor, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine AND Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
AUTHOR
Fatemeh
Taghizadeh
2
PhD Student, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ali
Sharifpour
asharifpour0209@yahoo.com
3
Assistant Professor, Internal Ward, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
AUTHOR
Abbas
Alipour
alipour.abbas59@gmail.com
4
Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
AUTHOR
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2. Pommer AM, Pouwer F, Denollet J, Pop VJ. Managing co-morbid depression and anxiety in primary care patients with asthma and/or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2012; 13: 6.
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3. Goodwin RD, Lavoie KL, Lemeshow AR, Jenkins E, Brown ES, Fedoronko DA. Depression, anxiety, and COPD: The unexamined role of nicotine dependence. Nicotine Tob Res 2012; 14(2): 176-83.
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4. Maurer J, Rebbapragada V, Borson S, Goldstein R, Kunik ME, Yohannes AM, et al. Anxiety and depression in COPD: Current understanding, unanswered questions, and research needs. Chest 2008; 134(4 Suppl): 43S-56S.
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5. Covic T, Cumming SR, Pallant JF, Manolios N, Emery P, Conaghan PG, et al. Depression and anxiety in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Prevalence rates based on a comparison of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) and the hospital, Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). BMC Psychiatry 2012; 12: 6.
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6. Schauer GL, Wheaton AG, Malarcher AM, Croft JB. Health-care provider screening and advice for smoking cessation among smokers with and without COPD: 2009-2010 national adult tobacco survey. Chest 2016; 149(3): 676-84.
6
7. Gratziou C, Florou A, Ischaki E, Eleftheriou K, Sachlas A, Bersimis S, et al. Smoking cessation effectiveness in smokers with COPD and asthma under real life conditions. Respir Med 2014; 108(4): 577-83.
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8. John U, Meyer C, Rumpf HJ, Hapke U. Smoking, nicotine dependence and psychiatric comorbidity-a population-based study including smoking cessation after three years. Drug Alcohol Depend 2004; 76(3): 287-95.
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9. Schauer GL, Wheaton AG, Malarcher AM, Croft JB. Smoking prevalence and cessation characteristics among U.S. adults with and without COPD: Findings from the 2011 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. COPD 2014; 11(6): 697-704.
9
10. Heydari G, Marashian M, Ebn Ahmady A, Masjedi M, Lando HA. Which form of nicotine replacement therapy is more effective for quitting smoking? A study in Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J 2012; 18(10): 1005-10.
10
11. Tashkin DP. Smoking cessation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 36(4): 491-507.
11
12. Sobell MB, Sobell LC. Guided self-change model of treatment for substance use disorders. J Cogn Psychother 2005; 19(3): 199-210.
12
13. Wilson GT, Zandberg LJ. Cognitive-behavioral guided self-help for eating disorders: Effectiveness and scalability. Clin Psychol Rev 2012; 32(4): 343-57.
13
14. Camarelles F, Asensio A, Jimenez-Ruiz C, Becerril B, Rodero D, Vidaller O. Effectiveness of a group therapy intervention to quit smoking. Randomized clinical trial. Med Clin (Barc) 2002; 119(2): 53-7.
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15. Velicer WF, DiClemente CC, Prochaska JO, Brandenburg N. Decisional balance measure for assessing and predicting smoking status. J Pers Soc Psychol 1985; 48(5): 1279-89.
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16. Javors MA, Hatch JP, Lamb RJ. Cut-off levels for breath carbon monoxide as a marker for cigarette smoking. Addiction 2005; 100(2): 159-67.
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17. Killen JD, Fortmann SP, Newman B, Varady A. Evaluation of a treatment approach combining nicotine gum with self-guided behavioral treatments for smoking relapse prevention. J Consult Clin Psychol 1990; 58(1): 85-92.
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18. Bjelland I, Dahl AA, Haug TT, Neckelmann D. The validity of the hospital anxiety and depression scale. An updated literature review. J Psychosom Res 2002; 52(2): 69-77.
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19. Olsson I, Mykletun A, Dahl AA. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Rating Scale: A cross-sectional study of psychometrics and case finding abilities in general practice. BMC Psychiatry 2005; 5: 46.
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20. Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1983; 67(6): 361-70.
20
21. Parreira VF, Kirkwood RN, Towns M, Aganon I, Barrett L, Darling C, et al. Is there an association between symptoms of anxiety and depression and quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Can Respir J 2015; 22(1): 37-41.
21
22. Eslami AA, Rabiei L, Afzali SM, Hamidizadeh S, Masoudi R. The effectiveness of assertiveness training on the levels of stress, anxiety, and depression of high school students. Iran Red Crescent Med J 2016; 18(1): e21096.
22
23. Nilges P, Essau C. Depression, anxiety and stress scales: DASS-A screening procedure not only for pain patients. Schmerz 2015; 29(6): 649-57.
23
24. Ghassemzadeh H, Mojtabai R, Karamghadiri N, Ebrahimkhani N. Psychometric properties of a Persian-language version of the Beck Depression Inventory-Second edition: BDI-II-PERSIAN. Depress Anxiety 2005; 21(4): 185-92.
24
25. Beck AT. Measuring depression: The depression inventory. In: Williams TA, Katz MM, Shield JA, Editors. Recent Advances in the Psychobiology of the Depressive Illnesses: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: U.S. National Institute of Mental Health; 1972. p. 299-302.
25
26. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1961; 4: 561-71.
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27. Taylor G, McNeill A, Girling A, Farley A, Lindson-Hawley N, Aveyard P. Change in mental health after smoking cessation: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2014; 348: g1151.
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28. Parrott AC. Does cigarette smoking cause stress? Am Psychol 1999; 54(10): 817-20.
28
29. Clancy N, Zwar N, Richmond R. Depression, smoking and smoking cessation: A qualitative study. Fam Pract 2013; 30(5): 587-92.
29
30. Brose LS, Simonavicius E, McNeill A. Maintaining abstinence from smoking after a period of enforced
30
abstinence-systematic review, meta-analysis and analysis of behaviour change techniques with a focus on mental health. Psychol Med 2018; 48(4): 669-78.
31
31. Bentsen SB, Gundersen D, Assmus J, Bringsvor H, Berland A. Multiple symptoms in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Norway. Nurs Health Sci 2013; 15(3): 292-9.
32
32. Bentsen SB, Miaskowski C, Rustoen T. Demographic and clinical characteristics associated with quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Qual Life Res 2014; 23(3): 991-8.
33
33. Iguchi A, Senjyu H, Hayashi Y, Kanada R, Iwai S, Honda S, et al. Relationship between depression in patients with COPD and the percent of predicted FEV(1), BODE index, and health-related quality of life. Respir Care 2013; 58(2): 334-9.
34
34. Cinciripini PM, Wetter DW, Fouladi RT, Blalock JA, Carter BL, Cinciripini LG, et al. The effects of depressed mood on smoking cessation: Mediation by postcessation self-efficacy. J Consult Clin Psychol 2003; 71(2): 292-301.
35
35. Wilson I. Depression in the patient with COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2006; 1(1): 61-4.
36
36. van der Meer RM, Willemsen MC, Smit F, Cuijpers P. Smoking cessation interventions for smokers with current or past depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; (8): CD006102.
37
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Route of Drug Abuse and Its Impact on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life among Drug Addicts
Background: Various studies have tested quality of life (QOL) among drug addicts, however very few have reported any association between oral health-related quality of life (OHRQOL) and mode of drug administration among drug addicts. Hence, the present study was conducted aiming to evaluate the impact of mode of administration of drugs on OHRQOL among drug addicts. Methods: Data was collected using respondent-driven sampling (RDS) method among 313 male drug addicts in Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India, using self-administered questionnaires on oral hygiene aids and drug addiction history. OHRQOL was recorded using Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) questionnaire. The chi-square test, t-test, and Kruskal-Wallis test were used for statistical analysis. Findings: In this study, 56.2% of the drug addicts reported practicing oral hygiene aids. The main drugs abused were heroin, cocaine, and amphetamines as 51.4%, 35.1%, and 13.4%, respectively. Most of the drug addicts were employed (82.4%) and studied up to primary education (46.3%). The highest mean values of community periodontal index (CPI) and decayed, missing, filled surface (DMFS) were found among the cocaine addicts and amphetamine abusers with rates of 3.11 ± 0.98 and 6.69 ± 8.52, respectively. Poor OHRQOL was observed among addicts who consumed drugs in inhalation since a long time irrespective of the type of the drug, but among them heroin addicted subjects had the poorest OHRQOL. Conclusion: OHRQOL was poor among the drug addicts in comparison to general population. Preventive strategies on oral health and other health promotion programs for this vulnerable group can be unified.
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_85162_5600c96d907cb190d57ce44d7d7f4e73.pdf
2018-08-01
145
155
http://dx.doi.org/10.22122/ahj.v10i3.567
drug users
Route of drug
Oral Health
Quality of Life
Aditi
Sharma
aditisharma12210@gmail.com
1
Senior Lecturer, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Swami Devi Dyal Hospital and Dental College, Barwala, India
LEAD_AUTHOR
Simarpreet
Singh
drsimarpreet@gmail.com
2
Professor, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Surendera Dental College and Research Institute, Sri Ganganagar, India
AUTHOR
Anmol
Mathur
dranmolmathur@gmail.com
3
Associate Professor, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Dr. D.Y Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
AUTHOR
Vikram
Pal Aggarwal
4
Senior Lecturer, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Surendera Dental College and Research Institute, Sri Ganganagar, India
AUTHOR
Neha
Gupta
5
Reader, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Surendera Dental College and Research Institute, Sri Ganganagar, India
AUTHOR
Diljot Kaur
Makkar
drmanubatra@aol.com
6
Reader, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Institue of Dental Sciences, Sephora, J&K, India
AUTHOR
Manu
Batra
7
Reader, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Surendera Dental College and Research Institute, Sri Ganganagar, India
AUTHOR
Deeksha
Gijwani
deeks09@gmail.com
8
Senior Lecturer, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Surendera Dental College and Research Institute, Sri Ganganagar, India
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Immunohistochemical Assessment of Inflammation and Regeneration in Morphine-Dependent Rat Brain
Background: Opioids are amongst the most common abused drugs. Pathologic studies on opioid abuse are limited since the evaluation of inflammation and regeneration in brain tissue is not as simple as other tissues of the body. Thus, the present study aimed to determine the relationship between the dependence on morphine and inflammatory and regenerative processes. Methods: In this experimental study, 48 male wistar rats were divided into 6 groups. The dependent groups (3 groups) received 0.4 mg/ml morphine in drinking water for 7, 28, and 56 days. The control groups (3 groups) received sucrose solution in drinking water for the same period. The histopathological studies of the brain sample were done. The slides were stained by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining method. The areas of brain were evaluated in terms of lymphocytic infiltration and glial scar. Findings: A significant difference was observed in the mean number of cells in the glial scar of the dependent group 3 (dependent for 56 days) among the control group (P = 0.040). Further, a significant relationship was reported between the increased duration of morphine use and the number of created scar glial cells. Furthermore, a significant increase in the number of astrocytes was observed in the affected areas. Conclusion: After long-term use, opioids can result in increased number of astrocytes and creating glial scar centers in the affected areas in response to the inflammation.
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_85168_349318d88df10c2923a920c558be03a0.pdf
2018-08-01
156
161
http://dx.doi.org/10.22122/ahj.v10i3.651
brain
immunohistochemistry
Morphine
Rats
Maryam
Iranpour
1
Assistant Professor, Pathology and Stem Cell Research Center AND Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Sadaf
Torkzadeh-Tabrizi
2
Researcher, Pathology and Stem Cell Research Center AND Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Zeinab
Khatoon-Asadi
3
Researcher, Pathology and Stem Cell Research Center AND Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Reza
Malekpour-Afshar
4
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Bao G, Kang L, Li H, Li Y, Pu L, Xia P, et al. Morphine and heroin differentially modulate in vivo hippocampal LTP in opiate-dependent rat. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32(8): 1738-49.
1
2. World drug report (2008); Trends in organized crime 2009; 12(3-4): 325-51.
2
3. Borne J, Riascos R, Cuellar H, Vargas D, Rojas R. Neuroimaging in drug and substance abuse part II: Opioids and solvents. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2005; 16(3): 239-45.
3
4. Boronat MA, Garcia-Fuster MJ, Garcia-Sevilla JA. Chronic morphine induces up-regulation of the pro-apoptotic Fas receptor and down-regulation of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 oncoprotein in rat brain. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 134(6): 1263-70.
4
5. Sklair-Tavron L, Shi WX, Lane SB, Harris HW, Bunney BS, Nestler EJ. Chronic morphine induces visible changes in the morphology of mesolimbic dopamine neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93(20): 11202-7.
5
6. Pezawas LM, Fischer G, Diamant K, Schneider C, Schindler SD, Thurnher M, et al. Cerebral CT findings in male opioid-dependent patients: Stereological, planimetric and linear measurements. Psychiatry Res 1998; 83(3): 139-47.
6
7. Bierczynska-Krzysik A, Bonar E, Drabik A, Noga M, Suder P, Dylag T, et al. Rat brain proteome in morphine dependence. Neurochem Int 2006; 49(4): 401-6.
7
8. Martin M, Hurley RA, Taber KH. Is opiate addiction associated with longstanding neurobiological changes? J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neuroscience 2007; 19(3): 242-8.
8
9. Kivisaari R, Kahkonen S, Puuskari V, Jokela O, Rapeli P, Autti T. Magnetic resonance imaging of severe, long-term, opiate-abuse patients without neurologic symptoms may show enlarged cerebrospinal spaces but no signs of brain pathology of vascular origin. Arch Med Res 2004; 35(5): 395-400.
9
10. Gendelman HE. Neural immunity: Friend or foe? J Neurovirol 2002; 8(6): 474-9.
10
11. 't Hart BA, den Dunnen WF. Commentary on special issue: CNS diseases and the immune system. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 8(4): 757-9.
11
12. Ellison D, Cardao Chimelli LM, Harding B, Lowe LS. Neuropathology: A reference text of CNS pathology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby; 2013.
12
13. Rosai J. Rosai and Ackerman's surgical pathology e-book. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2011.
13
14. Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC. Robbins basic pathology e-book. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2012.
14
15. Hu R, Zhou J, Luo C, Lin J, Wang X, Li X, et al. Glial scar and neuroregeneration: Histological, functional, and magnetic resonance imaging analysis in chronic spinal cord injury. J Neurosurg Spine 2010; 13(2): 169-80.
15
16. Rolls A, Shechter R, Schwartz M. The bright side of the glial scar in CNS repair. Nat Rev Neurosci 2009; 10(3): 235-41.
16
17. Huang L, Wu ZB, Zhuge Q, Zheng W, Shao B, Wang B, et al. Glial scar formation occurs in the human brain after ischemic stroke. Int J Med Sci 2014; 11(4): 344-8.
17
18. Hamzaee Moghaddam A, Yasemi MT, Seyfaddini RA. Case-control study to detect relationship between opium addiction, cigarette smoking and Alzheimer disease [Thesis]. Kerman, Iran: Kerman University of Medical Sciences; 1998. [In Persian].
18
19.Malekpour Afshar R, Seyfaddini R, Koohpayehzadeh Esfahani E, Nakhaee N, Eslammanesh T. Opium Dependency and Histopathologic Changes of Brain in Rat. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2010; 9(4): 273-80. [In Persian].
19
20. Lyoo IK, Pollack MH, Silveri MM, Ahn KH, Diaz CI, Hwang J, et al. Prefrontal and temporal gray matter density decreases in opiate dependence. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006; 184(2): 139-44.
20
21. Hammelrath L, Skokic S, Khmelinskii A, Hess A, van der Knaap N, Staring M, et al. Morphological maturation of the mouse brain: An in vivo MRI and histology investigation. Neuroimage 2016; 125: 144-52.
21
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Substance Abuse and its Associated Factors among Pregnant Women: A Cross-Sectional Study in the Southeast of Iran
Background: The data on the prevalence of substance abuse in Iranian pregnant women is scarce in the current literature. This study investigated the prevalence of and the factors associated with substance abuse among pregnant women, and compared self-reported use with urine test results. Methods: This cross-sectional study included data for 2000 pregnant women admitted to a tertiary care hospital in the southeast of Iran. Data were collected on socio-demographic characteristics and the patterns of substance use. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with opiate use. A subsample (200 women) was randomly selected to provide urine samples for toxicological screening. Findings: The lifetime prevalence of substance abuse and tobacco smoking was 15% and 31%, respectively. Overall, 3.3% of the participants reported using at least one substance during the previous month. One third of pregnant women reported using substances as a home remedy for treatment of pregnancy related health problems. Overall, 23% of the urine screening tests were positive. The agreement between self-reported substance abuse and the results of the urine tests was poor. Factors associated with opiates use in pregnant women were age at the first pregnancy of less than 20 years, living in rural areas, unwanted pregnancy, lack of healthcare during pregnancy, and having a spouse and/or first-degree family member with substance abuse. Conclusion: This study showed a high prevalence of substance abuse among the studied women. Thus, a multidisciplinary approach to provide preventive educational programs during pregnancy, and interviews and urinary screening of all pregnant women is recommended.
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_85169_3778d06e170b287dbbf612a713a9e795.pdf
2018-08-01
162
172
http://dx.doi.org/10.22122/ahj.v10i3.209
Pregnancy
Substance abuse
Substance-related disorders
Opiates, Self-report
Iran
Seyed Mehdi
Tabatabaei
zu.healthdeputy@gmail.com
1
Assistant Professor, Pregnancy Health Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Fatemeh
Behmanesh-Pour
2
Lecturer, Pregnancy Health Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
AUTHOR
Alireza
Salimi-Khorashad
3
Assistant Professor, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
AUTHOR
Maryam
Zaboli
maryamzaboli48@gmail.com
4
Researcher, Family Health, Population, and School Health Unit, Sistan and Balouchestan Provincial Health Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
AUTHOR
Zahra
Sargazi-Moakhar
5
Researcher, Family Health, Population, and School Health Unit, Sistan and Balouchestan Provincial Health Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
AUTHOR
Sedigheh
Shaare-Mollashahi
6
Researcher, Family Health, Population, and School Health Unit, Sistan and Balouchestan Provincial Health Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Kashanian M, Baradaran HR, Hatami H, Ghasemi A. The effect on pregnancy outcome of drug (substance) abuse during pregnancy. J Urmia Univ Med Sci 2013; 23(7): 752-60. [In Persian].
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2. Pinto SM, Dodd S, Walkinshaw SA, Siney C, Kakkar P, Mousa HA. Substance abuse during pregnancy: Effect on pregnancy outcomes. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2010; 150(2): 137-41.
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3. Keegan J, Parva M, Finnegan M, Gerson A, Belden M. Addiction in pregnancy. J Addict Dis 2010; 29(2): 175-91.
3
4. Maghsoudlou S, Cnattingius S, Montgomery S,
4
Aarabi M, Semnani S, Wikstrom AK, et al. Opium use during pregnancy and risk of preterm delivery: A population-based cohort study. PLoS One 2017; 12(4): e0176588.
5
5. Whiteman VE, Salemi JL, Mogos MF, Cain MA, Aliyu MH, Salihu HM. Maternal opioid drug use during pregnancy and its impact on perinatal morbidity, mortality, and the costs of medical care in the united states. Journal of Pregnancy 2014; 2014: 906723.
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6. Nikoo N, Frank A, Nikoo MA, Jang K, Abrahams R, Krausz M. Health of pregnant women withsubstancerelated disorder, a neglected global health issue requiring combined maternity care units. Ment Health Fam Med 2015; 11: 26-35.
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7. McHugh RK, Wigderson S, Greenfield SF. Epidemiology of substance use in reproductive-age women. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2014; 41(2): 177-89.
8
8. Cortes L, Almeida L, Sabra S, Muniesa M, Busardo FP, Garcia-Algar O, et al. Maternal hair and neonatal meconium to assess gestational consumption and prenatal exposure to drugs of abuse and psychoactive drugs. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2018; 19(2): 136-43.
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9. De Santis M, De Luca C, Mappa I, Quattrocchi T, Angelo L, Cesari E. Smoke, alcohol consumption and illicit drug use in an Italian population of pregnant women. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2011; 159(1): 106-10.
10
10. Rausgaard NL, Ibsen IO, Jorgensen JS, Lamont RF, Ravn P. Prevalence of substance abuse in pregnancy among Danish women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2015; 94(2): 215-9.
11
11. Amin-Esmaeili M, Rahimi-Movaghar A, Sharifi V, Hajebi A, Radgoodarzi R, Mojtabai R, et al. Epidemiology of illicit drug use disorders in Iran: Prevalence, correlates, comorbidity and service utilization results from the Iranian Mental Health Survey. Addiction 2016; 111(10): 1836-47.
12
12. Nikfarjam A, Shokoohi M, Shahesmaeili A, Haghdoost AA, Baneshi MR, Haji-Maghsoudi S, et al. National population size estimation of illicit drug users through the network scale-up method in 2013 in Iran. Int J Drug Policy 2016; 31: 147-52.
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13. Zolala F, Mahdavian M, Haghdoost AA, Karamouzian M. Pathways to addiction: A gender-based study on drug use in a triangular clinic and drop-in center, Kerman, Iran. Int J High Risk Behav Addict 2016; 5(2): e22320.
14
14. Nechanska B, Mravcik V, Sopko B, Velebil P. Pregnant women and mothers using alcohol, tobacco and illegal drugs. Ceska Gynekol 2012; 77(5): 457-69.
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15. Wendell AD. Overview and epidemiology of substance abuse in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2013; 56(1): 91-6.
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16. Ramezanzadeh F, Tavafian S, Vahdaninia M, Shariat M, Montazeri A. Maternal and fetal outcomes of narcotic substance abuse, cigarette smoking, and unsafe drugs during pregnancy. Hakim Health Sys Res 2007; 10(3): 9-16. [In Persian].
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17. Saleh Gargari S, Fallahian M, Haghighi L, Hosseinnezhad-Yazdi M, Dashti E, Dolan K. Maternal and neonatal complications of substance abuse in Iranian pregnant women. Acta Med Iran 2012; 50(6): 411-6.
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18. Soheili F, Alizadeh S, Darash M, Yousefi A, Cheraghi M, Asadollahi K. Prevalence of Illegal Drugs and
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Alcohol during Pregnancy in Ilam. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil 2012; 15(3): 21-9. [In Persian].
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19. Tavafian SS, Zadeh FR. Cigarette smoking, illicit medicine, substance and alcohol abuseamong pregnant women: A cross sectional study from Iran. Int J Fertil Steril 2008; 2(1): 35-8. [In Persian].
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20. Torshizi M, Saadatjoo SA, Farabi M. Prevalence of narcotics abuse and their complications in pregnant women referring to the obstetric department of Valiasr Hospital, Birjand. J Jahrom Univ Med Sci 2011; 9(3): 14-8. [In Persian].
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22. Amin Esmaeili M, Hefazi M, Sharifi V, Hajebi A, Motavalian A, Rahimi Movaghar A, et al. Iran mental health survey (2010-2011). Tehran, Iran: Mehrsa Publications; 2015. [In Persian].
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23. Rostami M, Karamouzian M, Khosravi A, Rezaeian S. Gender and geographical inequalities in fatal drug overdose in Iran: A province-level study in 2006 and 2011. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol 2018; 25: 19-24.
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24. Kamiabi F, Torkestani F, Abedini M, Haji-Maghsoudi S, Rastegari A, Hejazi S, et al. Analysis of the maternal mortality in Iran, 2007-2012. J Kerman Univ Med Sci 2015; 22(6): 650-68. [In Persian].
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26. Baheiraei A, Hamzehgardeshi Z, Mohammadi MR, Nedjat S, Mohammadi E. Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the youth risk behavior survey questionnaire. Iran Red Crescent Med J 2012; 14(6): 363-70.
28
27. Bakhshani NM, Lashkaripour K, Bakhshani S, Hoseinbore M. Prevalence of risk behaviors related to intentional and unintentional injuries among adolescent high school students of Sistan & Balouchestan, Southeast of Iran. Zahedan J Res Med Sci 2007; 9(3): 199-208. [In Persian].
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28. Yonkers KA, Howell HB, Gotman N, Rounsaville BJ. Self-report of illicit substance use versus urine toxicology results from at-risk pregnant women. J Subst Use 2011; 16(5): 372-89.
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29. Chiandetti A, Hernandez G, Mercadal-Hally M, Alvarez A, Andreu-Fernandez V, Navarro-Tapia E, et al. Prevalence of prenatal exposure to substances of abuse: Questionnaire versus biomarkers. Reprod Health 2017; 14(1): 137.
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30. Son SL, Guiahi M, Heyborne KD. Historical and clinical factors associated with positive urine toxicology screening on labor and delivery. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2018; 228: 261-6.
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31. Gilanipour M, Hazrati N, Maghsoudloo M, Saber Zafarghandi MB, Jafari F, Aryafar M, et al. A guide for management of drug dependency in pregnancy, birth, lactation & infancy. Tehran, Iran: Sepid Barg; 2012. [In Persian].
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32. Keary CJ, Wang Y, Moran JR, Zayas LV, Stern TA. Toxicologic testing for opiates: Understanding false-positive and false-negative test results. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2012; 14(4).
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33. Nakhaee N, Divsalar K, Meimandi MS, Dabiri S. Estimating the prevalence of opiates use by unlinked anonymous urine drug testing: A pilot study in Iran. Subst Use Misuse 2008; 43(3-4): 513-20.
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34. Zarghami M. Iranian common attitude toward opium consumption. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci 2015; 9(2): e2074.
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35. Mohammadali B, Sepideh N, Mohammadreza Khosoosi N, Mirsaeid R, Afshin K. Opium consumption and lipid and glucose parameters in
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diabetic patients with acute coronary syndrome: A survey in northern Iran. Tunis Med 2014; 92(7): 497-500.
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36. Rahimi N, Gozashti MH, Najafipour H, Shokoohi M, Marefati H. Potential effect of opium consumption on controlling diabetes and some cardiovascular risk factors in diabetic patients. Addict Health 2014; 6(1-2): 1-6.
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37. Saia KA, Schiff D, Wachman EM, Mehta P, Vilkins A, Sia M, et al. Caring for pregnant women with opioid use disorder in the USA: Expanding and improving treatment. Curr Obstet Gynecol Rep 2016; 5: 257-63.
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38. Hans SL. Demographic and psychosocial characteristics of substance-abusing pregnant women. Clin Perinatol 1999; 26(1): 55-74.
41
39. Pears K, Capaldi DM, Owen LD. Substance use risk across three generations: The roles of parent discipline practices and inhibitory control. Psychol Addict Behav 2007; 21(3): 373-86.
42
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Modulation of Drug Craving in Crystalline-Heroin Users by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
Background: Drug craving, the main cause of relapse and a major motivator for drug use, is a challenging obstacle in substance use treatment. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a non-invasive neuromodulatory technique, has shown promising outcomes in treating different neuropsychiatric disorders such as drug addiction, more specifically on drug craving. The aim in the current study was to examine the effects of applying tDCS on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in reducing drug cravings in former crystalline-heroin users enrolled in methadone maintenance (MMT) programs. Methods: The present study was a semi-experimental, crossover study with pre/post-test, and a control group. 40 right-handed men were selected from former crystalline-heroin users enrolled in MMT programs in Tehran, Iran. They were then divided into two matched groups based on age, education, and age of onset crystalline-heroin abuse. Desire for Drug Questionnaire (DDQ) was administered two times to all of the subjects, before first brain stimulation, and at the end of the last session. Experimental group received TDCS on DLPFC, and sham stimulation was applied on control subjects. The data were analyzed by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) method using SPSS software. Findings: The study results indicated anodal tDCS over right and cathodal TDCS over left DLPFC, and in parallel with sham, significantly decreased drug cravings among former crystalline-heroin users (P < 0.050). Conclusion: This study showed that applying TDCS on DLPFC of former crystalline-heroin users reduces drug craving. The findings of this study expanded the results of previous studies on effects of this neuromodulatory technique for drug craving reduction in other drug type settings.
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_85171_7d124b930306419e97b836c54925af0a.pdf
2018-08-01
173
179
http://dx.doi.org/10.22122/ahj.v10i3.613
Heroin
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
craving
Transcranial direct current stimulation
Mona
Sharifi-Fardshad
1
PhD Candidate, Department of Health Psychology, School of Psychology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj AND Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Brain and Cognition Clinic, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mehdi
Mehraban-Eshtehardi
2
PhD Candidate, Department of Health Psychology, School of Psychology, Rudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rudehen AND Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Brain and Cognition Clinic, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Hassan
Shams-Esfandabad
3
Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
AUTHOR
Schwann
Shariatirad
shariatirad@gmail.com
4
General Practitioner, Students Research Center of International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Nader
Molavi
molavi@gmail.com
5
PhD Candidate, Department of Addiction Studies, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
AUTHOR
Peyman
Hassani-Abharian
abharian1972@yahoo.com
6
Assistant Professor, Department of Cognitive Rehabilitation, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Brain and Cognition Clinic, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
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3. Hassani-Abharian P, Ganjgahi H, Tabatabaei-Jafari H, Oghabian MA, Mokri A, Ekhtiari H. Exploring neural correlates of different dimensions in drug craving self-reports among heroin dependents. Basic Clin Neurosci 2015; 6(4): 271-84.
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9
8. Shariatirad S, Vaziri A, Hassani-Abharian P, Sharifi FM, Molavi N, Fitzgerald PB. Cumulative and booster effects of tdcs sessions on drug cravings, lapse, and cognitive impairment in methamphetamine use disorder: A case study report. Am J Addict 2016; 25(4): 264-6.
10
9. Sharifi Fardshad M, Shams Esfandabad H, Hasani Abharian P. Assessment of the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on modulation of heroin crack craving. J Shahrekord Univ Med Sci 2016; 18(2): 109-21. [In Persian].
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10. Chib VS, Yun K, Takahashi H, Shimojo S. Noninvasive remote activation of the ventral midbrain by transcranial direct current stimulation of prefrontal cortex. Transl Psychiatry 2013; 3: e268.
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11. Jansen JM, Daams JG, Koeter MW, Veltman DJ, van den Brink W, Goudriaan AE. Effects of non-invasive neurostimulation on craving: A meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37(10 Pt 2): 2472-80.
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12. Moorman DE, Aston-Jones G. Prefrontal neurons encode context-based response execution and inhibition in reward seeking and extinction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112(30): 9472-7.
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13. Capriles N, Rodaros D, Sorge RE, Stewart J. A role for the prefrontal cortex in stress- and cocaine-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2003; 168(1-2): 66-74.
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14. Lou M, Wang E, Shen Y, Wang J. Cue-elicited craving in heroin addicts at different abstinent time: An fMRI pilot study. Subst Use Misuse 2012; 47(6): 631-9.
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15. Boggio PS, Sultani N, Fecteau S, Merabet L, Mecca T, Pascual-Leone A, et al. Prefrontal cortex modulation using transcranial DC stimulation reduces alcohol craving: A double-blind, sham-controlled study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2008; 92(1-3): 55-60.
17
16. da Silva MC, Conti CL, Klauss J, Alves LG, do Nascimento Cavalcante HM, Fregni F, et al. Behavioral effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) induced dorsolateral prefrontal cortex plasticity in alcohol dependence. J Physiol Paris 2013; 107(6): 493-502.
18
17. Goldman RL, Borckardt JJ, Frohman HA, O'Neil PM, Madan A, Campbell LK, et al. Prefrontal cortex transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) temporarily reduces food cravings and increases the self-reported ability to resist food in adults with frequent food craving. Appetite 2011; 56(3): 741-6.
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18. Fregni F, Orsati F, Pedrosa W, Fecteau S, Tome FA, Nitsche MA, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation of the prefrontal cortex modulates the desire for specific foods. Appetite 2008; 51(1): 34-41.
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19. Kekic M, McClelland J, Campbell I, Nestler S, Rubia K, David AS, et al. The effects of prefrontal cortex transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on food craving and temporal discounting in women with frequent food cravings. Appetite 2014; 78: 55-62.
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20. Boggio PS, Liguori P, Sultani N, Rezende L, Fecteau S, Fregni F. Cumulative priming effects of cortical stimulation on smoking cue-induced craving. Neurosci Lett 2009; 463(1): 82-6.
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21. Fregni F, Liguori P, Fecteau S, Nitsche MA, Pascual-Leone A, Boggio PS. Cortical stimulation of the prefrontal cortex with transcranial direct current stimulation reduces cue-provoked smoking craving: A randomized, sham-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry 2008; 69(1): 32-40.
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22. Boggio PS, Zaghi S, Villani AB, Fecteau S, Pascual-Leone A, Fregni F. Modulation of risk-taking in marijuana users by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the dorsolateral prefrontal
24
cortex (DLPFC). Drug Alcohol Depend 2010; 112(3): 220-5.
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23. Hassani-Abharian P, Mokri A, Ganjgahi H, Oghabian MA, Ekhtiari H. Validation for Persian versions of "desire for drug questionnaire" and "obsessive compulsive drug use scale" in heroin dependents. Arch Iran Med 2016; 19(9): 659-65.
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25. Maarefvand M, Safaeian S, Mokri A, Rezaei S, Daneshmnad R, Farhoudian A, et al. Clinical drug addiction profile (CDAP) questionnaire. Tehran, Iran: Mehrsa Publications; 2012. p. 1-64. [In Persian].
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26. Conti CL, Nakamura-Palacios EM. Bilateral transcranial direct current stimulation over dorsolateral prefrontal cortex changes the drug-cued reactivity in the anterior cingulate cortex of crack-cocaine addicts. Brain Stimul 2014; 7(1): 130-2.
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27. Fecteau S, Agosta S, Hone-Blanchet A, Fregni F, Boggio P, Ciraulo D, et al. Modulation of smoking and decision-making behaviors with transcranial direct current stimulation in tobacco smokers: A preliminary study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 140: 78-84.
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35. Jauch-Chara K, Kistenmacher A, Herzog N, Schwarz M, Schweiger U, Oltmanns KM. Repetitive electric brain stimulation reduces food intake in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 100(4): 1003-9
38
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Heart Reaction to Nandrolone Decanoate plus Two Different Intensities of Endurance Exercise: Electrocardiography and Stereological Approach
Background: Regarding the negative effects of androgenic anabolic steroids (AASs) abuse, the long-term effect of nandrolone decanoate with/without two intensities of endurance exercise training was investigated on heart tissue and electrocardiogram (ECG) in rats. Methods: The experiment was conducted on 63 male Wistar rats, which were 4 months old. The rats were divide into groups of control (CTL), arachis oilasnandrolone solvent (Ar), nandrolone (Nan) (received a dose of 5 mg/kg twice/week for 8 weeks), mild swimming exercise training (mEx), severe exercise (sEx), sEx + Nan, mEx + Nan, mEx + Ar, and sEx + Ar. During the 8 weeks of swimming exercise, the animals carried dumbbells equivalent to 2% of their body weight, which was gradually increased and reached 5% and 8% in the 6th week for mild and severe exercises, respectively. Finally, ECGs recording and samplings were done. Findings: Both types of exercise, without nandrolone, significantly reduced the heart rate and increased the RR interval of ECG. Nandrolone alone and with mild (P < 0.050) and intense exercise (P < 0.010 vs. CTL) increased the left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) index. Left ventricular volume was significantly higher in the Nan group (P < 0.050) compared to the CTL group and all exercise groups (P < 0.010) compared to the Nan, CTL, and Ar groups. Myocytes volume increased in the presence of both of mild and high-intensity exercise plus nandrolone (P < 0.050 vs. CTL and Ar groups). Hydroxyproline value of the heart was significantly higher in the nandrolone group compared to all other groups (P < 0.001). Exercise prevented the effect of nandrolone on hydroxyproline. Conclusion: Both levels of swimming exercise prevent the effect of nandrolone on the production of hydroxyproline and fibrotic cardiac remodeling.
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_85177_de8c12113113ed08877db66f7dc69a4b.pdf
2018-08-01
180
189
http://dx.doi.org/10.22122/ahj.v10i3.587
Nandrolone decanoate
Exercise
Electrocardiography
histology
Siyavash
Joukar
sjokar@gmail.com
1
Associate Professor, Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology AND Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences AND Physiology Research Center AND Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Vida
Naderi-Boldaji
vdnaderi@gmail.com
2
Physiology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences AND Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Ir
AUTHOR
Mahdieh
Yoosefnia
mahdieh.yoo@gmail.com
3
General Practitioner, Physiology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences AND Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Ira
AUTHOR
Hamidreza
Nasri
dr.h-nasri@yahoo.com
4
Associate Professor, Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences AND Department of Cardiology, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Forouzan
Rafie
fr.rafie87@ut.ac.ir
5
Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences AND Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
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51
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Effect of Chronic Ethanol Consumption on Sexual Motivation and Behavior of Adult Male Wistar Rats in the Copulatory Phase
Background: The interaction of ethanol consumption and sexual behavior has been evaluated over the past three decades; however, some studies have assessed how ethanol consumption affects the general behavioral aspects of the copulatory cycle patterns in male rats. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chronic ethanol consumption on adult male Wistar rats' sexual motivation and behavior alteration in pre-copulatory, copulatory, and executive phases of the copulatory cycle. Methods: Male Wistar rats were randomly allocated to two groups (control and ethanol treated groups). After 42 days of treatment, male rats were given access to adult female rats for 2 hours and their sexual behavior were recorded in a fully dark room using an infrared camera. Findings: Chronic ethanol consumption caused a significant increase in anogenital sniffing and mounting, intermission, and ejaculation latencies periods, as well as a significant decrease in the sexual activity index (SAI) and copulatory efficiency (CE) compared to the control group. Conclusion: It is suggested that chronic ethanol consumption suppresses sexual behavior and reduces male rats' tendency toward sexual interaction with female rats as manifested by the enhanced latency periods in the copulatory phases and reduced SAI of ethanol treated animals.
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_85182_e79bf6ec2fa671417dae0990e98f7cc3.pdf
2018-08-01
190
197
http://dx.doi.org/10.22122/ahj.v10i3.577
Ethanol
Sexual behavior
Rats
Sexual motivation
Maryam
Sadeghzadeh
1
MSc Student, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
AUTHOR
Alireza
Shirpoor
2
Professor, Nephrology and Kidney Transplant Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Naser
Khalaji
3
Associate Professor, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
AUTHOR
Roya
Naderi
4
Assistant Professor, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
AUTHOR
Mahrokh
Samadi
5
MSc Student, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
AUTHOR
Yousef
Rasmi
yrasmi@yahoo.com
6
Professor, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Eid NA, Shibata MA, Ito Y, Kusakabe K, Hammad H, Otsuki Y. Involvement of Fas system and active caspases in apoptotic signalling in testicular germ cells of ethanol-treated rats. Int J Androl 2002; 25(3): 159-67.
1
2. Srikanth V, Malini T, Arunakaran J, Govindarajulu P, Balasubramanian K. Effects of ethanol treatment on epididymal secretory products and sperm maturation in albino rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999; 288(2): 509-15.
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3. Crowe LC, George WH. Alcohol and human sexuality: Review and integration. Psychol Bull 1989; 105(3): 374-86.
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4. Rivier C. Alcohol rapidly lowers plasma testosterone
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levels in the rat: Eidence that a neural brain-gonadal pathway may be important for decreased testicular responsiveness to gonadotropin. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1999; 23(1): 38-45.
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5. Kim JH, Kim HJ, Noh HS, Roh GS, Kang SS, Cho GJ, et al. Suppression by ethanol of male reproductive activity. Brain Res 2003; 989(1): 91-8.
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6. Ren JC, Banan A, Keshavarzian A, Zhu Q, Lapaglia N, McNulty J, et al. Exposure to ethanol induces oxidative damage in the pituitary gland. Alcohol 2005; 35(2): 91-101.
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7. Lavikainen HM, Lintonen T, Kosunen E. Sexual behavior and drinking style among teenagers: A population-based study in Finland. Health Promot Int 2009; 24(2): 108-19.
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8. Cagiano R, Tattoli M, Persichella M, Mazzoccoli M, Govoni S, Cuomo V. Effects of chronic low-dose ethanol intake on sexual behavior in rats. Alcohol 1998; 16(2): 135-8.
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9. Scott MP, Ettenberg A, Olster DH. Effects of alcohol on the sexual motivation of the male rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1994; 48(4): 929-34.
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10. Pfaus JG, Pinel PJ. Alcohol inhibits and disinhibits sexual behavior in the male rat. Psychobiology 1989; 17(2): 195-201.
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11. Harding SM, Molle N, Reyes-Fondeur L, Karanian JM. The effects of repeated forced ethanol consumption during adolescence on reproductive behaviors in male rats. Alcohol 2016; 55: 61-8.
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36
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
B12 and Folate Concentrations in Opium Addicts Compared to Healthy Subjects: A Case Control Study from Kerman Coronary Artery Disease Risk Study
Background: Opium addiction is a global problem which has implicated many societies. Opium addiction and drug abuse is related to harmful consequences which affect life style, biochemical factors, and vitamins values, and also is considered as a risk for heart diseases. Folate and B12 levels are related to homocysteine and studies about their levels in opium addicts are controversial; therefore, we designed this study to evaluate B12 and folate values in opium addicts. Methods: From the Kerman Coronary Artery Disease Risk Study (KERCADRS) which is a population-based study, we randomly selected 340 men and entered them into two groups: case (n = 170) and control group (n = 170). Then vitamin B12 and folate levels were measured. Findings: Opium addiction did not change B12 and folate levels significantly in opium addicts compared to non-addict control subjects. However, only some variables including blood pressure (BP) and diabetes positively and cigarette smoking, triglyceride (TG), alcohol, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) history negatively affected folate, and none of clinical and demographic variables influenced the B12 levels (P > 0.050). TG had significant effects on B12 and folate levels although opium addiction did not show any impact. Conclusion: High TG levels were accompanied by low levels of B12 and folate. Reduced B12 and folate values are accompanied by serum homocysteine elevation. As TG elevates in opium addicts, it can be considered as an important factor which affects vitamins levels and reduces their absorption. Opium addiction elevates homocysteine level, since we can conclude that homocysteine elevation in opium addicts is independent of B12 and folate levels
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_85184_9b2c70d19de79b57bcde1cee2f6bf359.pdf
2018-08-01
198
204
http://dx.doi.org/10.22122/ahj.v10i3.547
opium addiction
vitamin B12
Folate
Cardiovascular disease
Ahmad
Gholamhossenian
1
Professor, Physiology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences AND Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Beydolah
Shahouzehi
bshahouzehi@gmail.com
2
Assistant Professor, Cardiology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences AND Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mostafa
Shokoohi
shokouhi.mostafa@gmail.com
3
Assistant Professor, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Hamid
Najafipour
najafipourh@yahoo.co.uk
4
Professor, Physiology Research Center AND Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
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2. Najafipour H, Masoomi M, Shahesmaeili A, Haghdoost AA, Afshari M, Nasri HR, et al. Effects of opium consumption on coronary artery disease risk factors and oral health: Results of Kerman Coronary Artery Disease Risk factors Study a population-based survey on 5900 subjects aged 15-75 years. Int J Prev Med 2015; 6: 42.
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26