ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
HIV Programs in Iran (Persia), Iraq and Saudi Arabia: A Brief Review of Current Evidence in West and Southwest Asia
Background: In Western and Southwest Asia, literature is not documented on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) programs in Iran, Iraq and Saudi Arabia. The present study is the first brief review that describes HIV programs in these three neighboring countries.Methods: Data regarding the evidence of HIV programs were gathered through a systematic literature searching. English publications were retrieved through searching online scientific databases. Grey literature was also searched online. The review was based on the studies related to the last decade.Findings: Systematic searching resulted in retrieving 21,948 studies but only 21 studies were relevant to the study aim. The review findings indicated that Iran has provided a nationwide sero-surveillance data system and has identified its key populations. Detecting HIV prevalence has been limited to case-finding in Iraq and Saudi Arabia. However, strategic plans for HIV have been provided in the three countries. HIV education, knowledge and support have been provided but still needs consideration in the three countries especially in Iraq. The low coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has remained a critical gap in the provision of comprehensive HIV programs in these three countries. This issue has been followed by the lack of opiate substitution therapies for drug dependents and injecting drug users in Iraq and Saudi Arabia. Condom promotion and voluntary HIV counselling and testing have been provided for at-risk groups in the three countries but need more nationwide coverages. However, needle and syringe programs (NSPs) have been only provided in Iran.Conclusion: The review concluded that the provision of effective HIV programs should address training human resources and infrastructural development. This issue should be facilitated by international collaborations and governmental supports.
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84682_bb601413cbd71442bd959bced33717d5.pdf
2019-03-12
136
144
HIV
Iran
Iraq
Saudi Arabia
Persian Gulf
Omid
Massah
mchomch@gmail.com
1
Senior Researcher, Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Afsaneh
Moradi
2
Senior Researcher, Department of Psychology, School of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Ali
Farhoudian
ali.farhoudian@gmail.com
3
Pcychiatrist, Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mahmood
Amini-Lari
4
Senior Researcher, Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
Hassan
Joulaei
5
Senior Researcher, Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
Reza
Daneshmand
6
Psychiatrist, Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Kassebaum NJ, Bertozzi-Villa A, Coggeshall MS, Shackelford KA, Steiner C, Heuton KR, et al. Global, regional, and national levels and causes of maternal mortality during 1990-2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 2014; 384(9947): 980-1004.
1
Murray CJ, Ortblad KF, Guinovart C, Lim SS, Wolock TM, Roberts DA, et al. Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria during 1990-2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 2014; 384(9947): 1005-70.
2
Mumtaz GR, Weiss HA, Thomas SL, Riome S, Setayesh H, Riedner G, et al. HIV among people who inject drugs in the Middle East and North Africa: systematic review and data synthesis. PLoS Med 2014; 11(6): e1001663.
3
Moradi G, Mohraz M, Gouya MM, Dejman M, Seyedalinaghi S, Khoshravesh S, et al. Health needs of people living with HIV/AIDS: From the perspective of policy makers, physicians and consultants, and people living with HIV/AIDS. Iran J Public Health 2014; 43(10): 1424-35.
4
Ministry of Health in Iraq. Global AIDS response progress report of Iraq [Online]. [cited 2012]; Available from: URL: www.unaids.org/sites/ce_IQ_Narrative_Report%5B1%5D.pdf
5
Rahimi-Movaghar A, Amin-Esmaeili M, Aaraj E, Hermez J. Assessment of situation and response of drug use and its harm in the Middle East and North Africa. Beirut, Lebanon: Middle East and North Africa Harm Reduction Association; 2012.
6
Moayedi-Nia S, Bayat JZ, Esmaeeli Djavid G, Entekhabi F, Bayanolhagh S, Saatian M, et al. HIV, HCV, HBV, HSV, and syphilis prevalence among female sex workers in Tehran, Iran, by using respondent-driven sampling. AIDS Care 2016; 28(4): 487-90.
7
Alzahrani M, Hull MC, Sherlock C, Griswold D, Leger CS, Leitch HA. Human immunodeficiency virus-associated multicentric Castleman disease refractory to antiretroviral therapy: clinical features, treatment and outcome. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 56(5): 1246-51.
8
World Population Review. Iran Population [Online]. [cited 2016]; Available from: URL: http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/iran-population
9
Ministry of Health and Medical Education in Iran. Global AIDS response progress report of Iran. [Online]. [cited 2014]; Available from: URL: http://files.unaids.org/en/knowyourresponse/countryprogressreports/2014countries/IRN_narrative_report_2014_en.pdf
10
World Population Review. Iraq Population [Online]. [cited 2016]; Available from: URL: http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/iraq-population/
11
Al-Kubaisy WA, Al-Naib KT, Habib MA. Prevalence of HCV/HIV co-infection among haemophilia patients in Baghdad. East Mediterr Health J 2006; 12(3-4): 264-9.
12
Yanni EA, Naoum M, Odeh N, Han P, Coleman M, Burke H. The health profile and chronic diseases comorbidities of US-bound Iraqi refugees screened by the International Organization for Migration in Jordan: 2007-2009. J Immigr Minor Health 2013; 15(1): 1-9.
13
World Population Review. Saudi Arabia Population [Online]. [cited 2016]; Available from: URL: http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/saudi-arabia-population/
14
Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia. Global AIDS response progress report of Saudi Arabia [Online]. [cited 2014]; Available from: URL: www.unaids.org/knowyourresponse/countryprogress reports/2014countries
15
Memish ZA, Almasri M, Chentoufi AA, Al-Tawfiq JA, Al-Shangiti AM, Al-Kabbani KM, et al. Seroprevalence of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Type 2 and Coinfection With HIV and Syphilis: The First National Seroprevalence Survey in Saudi Arabia. Sex Transm Dis 2015; 42(9): 526-32.
16
Al-Mozaini MA, Mansour MK, Al-Hokail AA, Mohmed MA, Daham MA, Al-Abdely HM, et al. HIV-Care Outcome in Saudi Arabia; a Longitudinal Cohort. J AIDS Clin Res 2014; 5(11).
17
Filemban SM, Yasein YA, Abdalla MH, Al-Hakeem R, Al-Tawfiq JA, Memish ZA. Prevalence and behavioral risk factors for STIs/HIV among attendees of the Ministry of Health hospitals in Saudi Arabia. J Infect Dev Ctries 2015; 9(4): 402-8.
18
Bassiony M. Substance use disorders in Saudi Arabia: Review article. J Subst Use 2013; 18(6): 450-66.
19
United Nations Development Program. Procurement notice and request for proposal for provision of technical support to improve HIV prevention, treatment and care under HIV/AIDS new funding model (NFM) [Project]. Tehran, Iran: UNDP; 2015.
20
Moradi G, Farnia M, Shokoohi M, Shahbazi M, Moazen B, Rahmani K. Methadone maintenance treatment program in prisons from the perspective of medical and non-medical prison staff: a qualitative study in Iran. Int J Health Policy Manag 2015; 4(9): 583-9.
21
Siziya S, Muula AS, Rudatsikira E. HIV and AIDS-related knowledge among women in Iraq. BMC Res Notes 2008; 1: 123.
22
Othman SM. Knowledge about HIV/AIDS among high school students in Erbil city/Iraq. Glob J Health Sci 2015; 7(1): 16-23.
23
Hayyawi AH, Al-Marayaty AY, Salman WS, Hamed W. HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes and beliefs among a group of Iraqis. East Mediterr Health J 2010; 16(1): 18-23.
24
Ismael AS, Sabir Zangana JM. Knowledge, attitudes and practice of condom use among males aged (15-49) years in Erbil Governorate. Glob J Health Sci 2012; 4(4): 27-36.
25
Memish ZA, Al-Tawfiq JA, Filemban SM, Qutb S, Fodail A, Ali B, et al. Antiretroviral therapy, CD4, viral load, and disease stage in HIV patients in Saudi Arabia: a 2001-2013 cross-sectional study. J Infect Dev Ctries 2015; 9(7): 765-9.
26
Alam-Mehrjerdi Z, Abdollahi M, Higgs P, Dolan K. Drug use treatment and harm reduction programs in Iran: A unique model of health in the most populated Persian Gulf country. Asian J Psychiatr 2015; 16: 78-83.
27
Karamouzian M, Haghdoost AA, Sharifi H. Addressing the needs of sexual partners of people who inject drugs through peer prevention programs in Iran. Int J Health Policy Manag 2014; 2(2): 81-3.
28
Shahbazi M, Farnia M, Moradi G, Karamati M, Paknazar F, Mirmohammad Khani M. Injecting Drug Users Retention in Needle-Exchange Program and its Determinants in Iran Prisons. Int J High Risk Behav Addict 2015; 4(2): e23751.
29
Shahbazi M, Farnia M, Keramati M, Alasvand R. Advocacy and piloting the first needle and syringe exchange program in Iranian prisons. Retrovirology 2010; 7(Suppl 1): P81.
30
Nasirian M, Doroudi F, Gooya MM, Sedaghat A, Haghdoost AA. Modeling of human immunodeficiency virus modes of transmission in Iran. J Res Health Sci 2012; 12(2): 81-7.
31
Haghdoost AA, Mostafavi E, Mirzazadeh A, Navadeh S, Feizzadeh A, Fahimfar N, et al. Modelling of HIV/AIDS in Iran up to 2014. J AIDS HIV Res 2011; 3(12): 231-9.
32
Sajadi L, Mirzazadeh A, Navadeh S, Osooli M, Khajehkazemi R, Gouya MM, et al. HIV prevalence and related risk behaviours among female sex workers in Iran: results of the national biobehavioural survey, 2010. Sex Transm Infect 2013; 89(Suppl 3): iii37-iii40.
33
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Prevalence of HIV/AIDS among Iranian Prisoners: A Review Article
Background: Worldwide, prisoners are more at risk of being infected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as well as hepatitis C and B in comparison with other risk groups. The combination of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), addiction and prison are factors that threaten the health of our society. Influence of risky behaviors is so common on transmission of AIDS into prisoners’ bodies. This study used available information and reports to investigate the prevalence of HIV in Iranian prisons.Methods: The following review of documents available in national and foreign databases, a total of 26 studies were investigated and required information was extracted from both the full papers and abstracts.Findings: The selected studies differed methodologically in their sampling method and data collection tools. Within the 26 studies analyzed, there was a combined study cohort of 39707 people in whom HIV prevalence varied between 0% and 24.40%.Conclusion: In this study, HIV prevalence ranged widely among the prisoners, and in most of these studies, the rate in Iran was higher than that of other countries. The prevalence of disease was highest among intravenous drug users. Unless proper preventive and control plans among risk groups such as prisoners are not implemented in a timely and suitable manner, the risk of infection in the broader society will increase.
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84688_2211f64ae87575da17db2263aff1c672.pdf
2019-03-12
195
206
HIV
AIDS
Prisoners
Iran
Prevalence
Incidence
Morteza
Akbari
lankaran@sums.ac.ir
1
Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
Maryam
Akbari
2
PhD Student, Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
Ahmad
Naghibzadeh-Tahami
3
PhD Student, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Hassan
Joulaei
4
Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
Maryam
Nasiriyan
5
Assistant Professor, Department of Biostatistic and Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
Maryam
Hesampour
6
Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
Kamran
Bagheri-Lankarani
7
Professor, Health Policy Research Center AND Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Dolan K, Kite B, Black E, Aceijas C, Stimson GV. HIV in prison in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet Infect Dis 2007; 7(1): 32-41.
1
Shahbazi M, Farnia M, Moradi G, Ebrahimi B. The trend of HIV/AIDS prevalence among IDU's in Iranian prisoners (1376-1386). Retrovirology 2010; 7(Suppl 1): P101.
2
Gaughwin M, Douglas RM, Wodak AD. Behind bars-risk behaviours for hiv transmission in prisons, a review [Online]. [cited 1991]; Available from: URL: http://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/proceedings/04/gaughwin.pdf
3
Epperson MW, Khan MR, El-Bassel N, Wu E, Gilbert L. A longitudinal study of incarceration and HIV risk among methadone maintained men and their primary female partners. AIDS Behav 2011; 15(2): 347-55.
4
Hellard ME, Aitken CK. HIV in prison: What are the risks and what can be done? Sex Health 2004; 1(2): 107-13.
5
Wohl DA, Rosen D, Kaplan AH. HIV and incarceration: dual epidemics. AIDS Read 2006; 16(5): 247-60.
6
Martin V, Cayla JA, Moris ML, Alonso LE, Perez R. Predictive factors of HIV-infection in injecting drug users upon incarceration. Eur J Epidemiol 1998; 14(4): 327-31.
7
Harding TW. AIDS in prison. Lancet 1987; 2(8570): 1260-3.
8
Tajbakhsh E, Yaghubi R. Serologic evaluation of HIV contamination in Shahrekord prisoners through ELISA and Western blot. Sci J Iran Blood Transfus Organ 2008; 4(5): 365-8. [In Persian].
9
Spaulding A, Stephenson B, Macalino G, Ruby W, Clarke JG, Flanigan TP. Human immunodeficiency virus in correctional facilities: A review. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35(3): 305-12.
10
Farnia M, Ebrahimi B, Shams A, Zamani S. Scaling up methadone maintenance treatment for opioid-dependent prisoners in Iran. Int J Drug Policy 2010; 21(5): 422-4.
11
Zamani S, Farnia M, Torknejad A, Alaei BA, Gholizadeh M, Kasraee F, et al. Patterns of drug use and HIV-related risk behaviors among incarcerated people in a prison in Iran. J Urban Health 2010; 87(4): 603-16.
12
Seal DW. HIV-related issues and concerns for imprisoned persons throughout the world. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2005; 18(5): 530-5.
13
Jahani MR, Kheirandish P, Hosseini M, Shirzad H, Seyedalinaghi SA, Karami N, et al. HIV seroconversion among injection drug users in detention, Tehran, Iran. AIDS 2009; 23(4): 538-40.
14
Kheirandish P, Seyedalinaghi SA, Hosseini M, Jahani MR, Shirzad H, Foroughi M, et al. Prevalence and correlates of HIV infection among male injection drug users in detention in Tehran, Iran. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010; 53(2): 273-5.
15
Hosseini M, SeyedAlinaghi S, Kheirandish P, Esmaeli JG, Shirzad H, Karami N, et al. Prevalence and correlates of co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus in male injection drug users in Iran. Arch Iran Med 2010; 13(4): 318-23.
16
Azarkar Z, Sharifzadeh G. Evaluation of the prevalence of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV in inmates with drug-related convictions in Birjand, Iran in 2008. Hepat Mon 2010; 10(1): 26-30.
17
Kazerooni Afsar P, Amini Lari M, Joolaei H, Parsa N. Knowledge and attitude of male intravenous drug users on hiv/aids associated high risk behaviors in Shiraz Pir-Banon Jail, Fars Province, Southern Iran. Iran Red Crescent Med J 2010; 12(3): 334-6. [In Persian].
18
Mir-Nasseri MM, Mohammadkhani A, Tavakkoli H, Ansari E, Poustchi H. Incarceration is a major risk factor for blood-borne infection among intravenous drug users: Incarceration and blood borne infection among intravenous drug users. Hepat Mon 2011; 11(1): 19-22.
19
Rahbar AR, Rooholamini S, Khoshnood K. Prevalence of HIV infection and other blood-borne infections in incarcerated and non-incarcerated injection drug users (IDUs) in Mashhad, Iran. Int J Drug Policy 2004; 15(2): 151-5.
20
Farhoudi B, Montevalian A, Motamedi M, Khameneh MM, Mohraz M, Rassolinejad M, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus and HIV-associated tuberculosis infection and their risk factors in injecting drug users in prison in Iran. Tehran, Iran: Ministry of Health and Medical Education; 2003. [In Persian].
21
Akala FA, Semini I. Characterizing the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in the Middle East and North Africa: Time for Strategic Action. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications; 2010.
22
Khodabakhshi B, Abbassi A, Fadaee F, Rabiee M. Prevalence and Risk Factors of HIV, Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Infections in Drug Addicts among Gorgan Prisoners. J Med Sci 2007; 7(252): 254.
23
Khani M, Vakili MM. Prevalence and risk factors of HIV, hepatitis b virus and hepatitis c virus infections in drug addicts among Zanjan prisoners. Archives of Iranian Medicine 2003; 6(1): 1-4.
24
Ilami O, Sarkari B, Khosravani A, Tori MA, Hosseini Z. HIV seroprevalence among high-risk groups in Kohgiloyeh and Boyerahmad Province, Southwest of Iran, a behavioral surveillance survey. AIDS Behav 2012; 16(1): 86-90.
25
Pourahmad M, Javady A, Karimi I, Ataei B, Kassaeian N. Seroprevalence of and risk factors associated with hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and human immunodeficiency virus among prisoners in Iran. Infect Dis Clin Pract 2007; 15(6): 368-72.
26
Davoodian P, Dadvand H, Mahoori K, Amoozandeh A, Salavati A. Prevalence of selected sexually and blood-borne infections in Injecting drug abuser inmates of bandar abbas and roodan correction facilities, Iran, 2002. Braz J Infect Dis 2009; 13(5): 356-8.
27
Haghshenas MR, Mirmobini SM, Babamahmodi F. Prevalence of TB and HIV in prison in the city of Sari 1997-1998. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci 2000; 9(26): 6-7. [In Persian].
28
Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health. Boibehavioural survey on HIV/AIDS among Khoozestan prisoners; 2008. [Unpublished]. [In Persian].
29
Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health. Study of the prevalence of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae, Clamidia Trachomatis, Syphilis and HIV in Kerman prisoners; 2008. [Unpublished]. [In Persian].
30
Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health. Boibehavioural survey on HIV/AIDS among Kermanshah prisoners; 2008. [Unpublished]. [In Persian].
31
Khamisipoor G, Tahmasebi R. Viral infection of HBV, HCV, HIV and syphilis among high-risk groups, Bushehr. Iran South Med J 1999; 3(1): 53-9.
32
Nokhodian Z, Yazdani MR, Yaran M, Shoaei P, Mirian M, Ataei B, et al. Prevalence and Risk Factors of HIV, Syphilis, Hepatitis B and C Among Female Prisoners in Isfahan, Iran. Hepat Mon 2012; 12(7): 442-7.
33
Moosazadeh M, Amiresmaili M, Parsaei M, Ahmadi M, Jalahi H. Prevalence of tuberculosis among the prisoners of Mazandaran. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2011; 10(4): 309-16. [In Persian].
34
Haghdoost AA, Mirzazadeh A, Shokoohi M, Sedaghat A, Gouya MM. HIV trend among Iranian prisoners in 1990s and 2000s; analysis of aggregated data from HIV sentinel sero-surveys. Harm Reduct J 2013; 10: 32.
35
Navadeh S, Mirzazadeh A, Gouya MM, Farnia M, Alasvand R, Haghdoost AA. HIV prevalence and related risk behaviours among prisoners in Iran: Results of the national biobehavioural survey, 2009. Sex Transm Infect 2013; 89(Suppl 3): iii33-iii36.
36
Ghanbarzadeh N, Nadjafi-Semnani M. A Study of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections among female prisoners in Birjand. J Birjand Univ Med Sci 2006; 13(3): 9-15. [In Persian].
37
McDonald AM, Ryan JW, Brown PR, Manners CJ, Falconer AD, Kinnear RC, et al. HIV prevalence at reception into Australian prisons, 1991-1997. Med J Aust 1999; 171(1): 18-21.
38
Edwards A, Curtis S, Sherrard J. Survey of risk behaviour and HIV prevalence in an English prison. Int J STD AIDS 1999; 10(7): 464-6.
39
Long J, Allwright S, Barry J, Reynolds SR, Thornton L, Bradley F, et al. Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV and risk factors in entrants to Irish prisons: A national cross sectional survey. BMJ 2001; 323(7323): 1209-13.
40
Gaiter J, Jürgens R, Mayer K, Hollibaugh A. Harm reduction inside and out: controlling HIV in and out of correctional institutions. AIDS Read 2000; 10(1): 45.
41
Rotily M, Weilandt C, Bird SM, Kall K, Van Haastrecht HJ, Iandolo E, et al. Surveillance of HIV infection and related risk behaviour in European prisons. A multicentre pilot study. Eur J Public Health 2001; 11(3): 243-50.
42
Sosa-Estani S, Rossi D, Weissenbacher M. Epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in injection drug users in Argentina: High seroprevalence of HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37(Suppl 5): S338-S342.
43
March JC, Oviedo-Joekes E, Romero M. Factors associated with reported hepatitis C and HIV among injecting drug users in ten European cities. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2007; 25(2): 91-7.
44
Iran Drug Control Headquarters. Iran Drug Control Headquarters [Online]. [cited 2010]; Available from: URL: http:// dchq.ir/ html/ index.php? Module=htmlpages&func=displ ay&PID=37
45
Centre for Communicable Diseases Management. HIV infection and AIDS statistics in Iran. Tehran, Iran: Ministry of Health and Medical Education; 2013.
46
Day C, Nassirimanesh B, Shakeshaft A, Dolan K. Patterns of drug use among a sample of drug users and injecting drug users attending a General Practice in Iran. Harm Reduct J 2006; 3: 2.
47
Nasirian M, Doroudi F, Gooya MM, Sedaghat A, Haghdoost AA. Modeling of human immunodeficiency virus modes of transmission in Iran. J Res Health Sci 2012; 12(2): 81-7.
48
Wodak A, Cooney A. Effectiveness of sterile needle and syringe programming in reducing HIV/AIDs among injecting drug users. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2004.
49
Farnia M, Shahbazi M, Moradi G, Alizadeh S, Ebrahi B, Kandi Kalle M. Evaluation of Harm reduction Programs in prisons from the attitude and viewpoint of Iranian prison staff. J Sch Public Health Inst Public Health Res 2013; 11(1): 29-44. [In Persian].
50
Keshtkaran A, Mirahmadizadeh A, Heidari A, Javanbakht M. Cost-effectiveness of Methadone Maintenance Treatment in Prevention of HIV Among Drug Users in Shiraz, South of Iran. Iran Red Crescent Med J 2014; 16(1): e7801. [In Persian].
51
World Health Organization. Condoms for HIV prevention [Online]. [cited 2009]; Available from: URL: http://www.who.int/hiv/topics/condoms/en/
52
Sieck CJ, Dembe AE. Results of a pilot study of pre-release STD testing and inmates' risk behaviors in an Ohio prison. J Urban Health 2011; 88(4): 690-9.
53
Mansorian M, Solhi M, Dehdari T, Taghdisi MH, Zamani Alvicheh F, Qorbani M, et al. The cause of utilization of shared needle among injecting drug users of Ahwaz city: A qualitative study. Razi J Med Sci 2012; 19(101): 31-9. [In Persian].
54
Auerbach JD, Coates TJ. HIV prevention research: Accomplishments and challenges for the third decade of AIDS. Am J Public Health 2000; 90(7): 1029-32.
55
Haghdoost A, Pourkhandani A, Motaghipisheh S, Farhoudi B, Fahimifar N, Sadeghirad B. Knowledge and Attitude concerning HIV/AIDS among Iranian Population: A Systematic Review and Meta- Analysis. Iranian Journal of Epidemiology 2011; 6(4): 8-20. [In Persian].
56
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Is Pathological Trading an Overlooked Form of Addiction?
--
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84689_3c5d22139ce9f52c40602914189f1a61.pdf
2019-03-12
207
209
Riccardo
Guglielmo
ricguglielmo@gmail.com
1
Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
LEAD_AUTHOR
Lucia
Ioime
2
- Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Catholic University Medical School AND Department of Human Sciences, School of Psychology, Lumsa University, Rome, Italy
AUTHOR
Luigi
Janiri
3
Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
AUTHOR
Bricker J, Kennickell AB, Moore KB, Sabelhaus J. Changes in U.S. family finances from 2007 to 2010: evidence from the Survey of Consumer Finances. Federal Reserve Bulletin 2014; 100(4): 1-41.
1
Gray M. Trader kills self in finance world's latest suicide [Online]. [cited 2014 Mar 12]; Available from: URL: http://www.webcitation.org/6fUQp9F4s
2
Grall-Bronnec M, Sauvaget A, Boutin C, Bulteau S, Jimenez-Murcia S, Fernandez-Aranda F, et al. Excessive trading, a gambling disorder in its own right? A case study on a French disordered gamblers cohort. Addict Behav 2015.
3
Markovic H, Nikolac N, Tripkovic M, Haluga-Golubovic I, Custovic Z. Connection between addictive behavior and investing on the stock market in Croatia. Alcoholism and Psychiatry Research 2012; 48(2): 69-80.
4
Turner NE. The addictiveness of online brokerage services: A first person account. J Gambl Issues 2011; (25): 113-29.
5
Goodman A. Addiction: Definition and implications. Br J Addict 1990; 85(11): 1403-8.
6
Knutson B, Bossaerts P. Neural antecedents of financial decisions. J Neurosci 2007; 27(31): 8174-7.
7
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Erratum to: "Willingness to Receive Treatment for Hepatitis C among Injecting Drug Users on Methadone Program: Implications for Education and Treatment"
-
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84690_c17f6176f69cdccc3a16a504093caacf.pdf
2017-02-08
210
AHJ
Addiction and Health
1
LEAD_AUTHOR
Alam-Mehrjerdi Z, Moradi A, Xu F, Zarghami M, Salehi-Fadardi J, Dolan K. Willingness to Receive Treatment for Hepatitis C among Injecting Drug
1
Users on Methadone Program: Implications for Education and Treatment. Addict Health 2016; 8(2): 90-7.
2
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Estrogen and Progesterone Replacement Therapy Prevent Methamphetamine-Induced Synaptic Plasticity Impairment in Ovariectomized Rats
Background: Methamphetamine (METH) is one of the most popular psychostimulants which produce long lasting learning and memory impairment. Previous studies have indicated that estrogen and progesterone replacement therapy attenuate cognitive impairment against a wide array of neurodegenerative diseases. Present study was designed to figure out the effects of estrogen, progesterone alone or in combination, on early long-term potentiation (E-LTP) at the cornu ammonis (CA1) area of the hippocampus in METH-exposed ovariectomized (OVX) rat.Methods: Twenty-one days after ovariectomy, the OVX rats received vehicle, estrogen [1 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (IP)] or progesterone (8 mg/kg, IP) and co-administration of estrogen plus progesterone during 14 consecutive days. On the 28th day, animals were exposed to neurotoxic METH regimens [four injections 6 mg/kg, subcutaneous (SC), 2 h intervals] 30 min after the hormones replacement. Finally, we investigated the effect of those ovarian hormones on synaptic plasticity using in vivo extracellular recording in the CA1 area of the hippocampus 2 days after last treatment.Findings: The findings showed that the induction and maintenance phase of E-LTP was impaired in the METH exposed animals compared to the saline group. Data from this study demonstrated that treatment with estrogen and progesterone showed a significant facilitation for induction and enhancement of the maintenance of LTP in animals that received METH. In addition, co-administration of estrogen plus progesterone did not significantly affect the hippocampal synaptic plasticity in METH-exposed OVX rats in comparison with METH-exposed animals that received vehicle injections.Conclusion: The present findings provide new insight about treatment with ovarian hormones on synaptic plasticity deficits induced by METH.
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84683_c17a76653ba9fffc63dd3d6584846cbb.pdf
2019-03-12
145
156
Methamphetamine
estrogen
Progesterone
Long-term potentiation
Rat
Hamed
Ghazvini
v_sheibani@kmu.ac.ir
1
PhD Candidate, Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Shabani
shabanimoh@yahoo.com
2
Associate Professor, Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Majid
Asadi-Shekaari
3
Associate Professor, Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Solmaz
Khalifeh
4
Assistant Professor, Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Khadijeh
Esmaeilpour
5
PhD Candidate, Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Mehdi
Khodamoradi
6
PhD Candidate, Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Vahid
Sheibani
7
Professor, Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
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58
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Sexual Risk Behaviors Constructed in Iranian Women’s Life with Substance Use Disorders: A New Implication of Human Ecological Theory
Background: Drug abuse is one of the important variables influencing protective sexual behavior. The objective of this study was to explore how risky sexual behaviors develop in drug abusing women using human ecological theory.Methods: In this study, we used a descriptive exploratory approach. The participants were 32 drug abusing women from two of the selected drop-in centers (DICs) in south Tehran, Iran, where we could have access to a vast number of female drug users. Data was collected using semi-structured face-to-face interviews. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the data using Graneheim and Lundman procedure.Findings: Risky sexual behavior in drug use disorders in women was found in four themes with thirteen emerged; sexual untaught at micro-system with two subthemes “unsafe home” and “drop out of school”, Perception of differences at meso-system with three subthemes “lack of link between family and school”, “doing manly behavior” and “low awareness of health puberty than peers”, inappropriate marriages at exo-system with three subthemes “stigma”, “fear of losing love relationship” and “self-devotion”, marginalization at macro-system with four subthemes “barrier access to rights”, “selling sex as a tool of security”, “lack of belief as a sex worker” and “mistrust and doubt partner” using implication of human ecological theory.Conclusion: Findings suggest that strategies supporting the discovery of risky sexual behaviors in drug use disorders in women are important in order to provide counseling and education to form their decisions toward safety sex.
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84684_4efd604f4fa3346ddcefddffa6e0cd7a.pdf
2016-10-06
157
169
Human ecology theory
qualitative research
Sexual behavior
female
Substances use disorder
Mansoureh
Jamshidimanesh
jamshidimanesh@yahoo.com
1
PhD Candidate, Department of Reproductive Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud AND Lecturer, Faculty Member, Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Seyed Abbas
Mousavi
mmm89099@gmail.com
2
Assistant Professor, Center for Health Related Social and Behavioral Sciences Research, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Effat
Merghati-Khoei
effat_mer@yahoo.com
3
Assistant Professor, Addiction and Sexual Risk Behavior Management and Prevention, Iranian National Center of Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad Hassan
Emamian
emamian@shmu.ac.ir
4
Associate Professor, Center for Health Related Social and Behavioral Sciences Research, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
AUTHOR
Afsaneh
Keramat
keramat1@yahoo.com
5
Associate Professor, Center for Health Related Social and Behavioral Sciences Research, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
AUTHOR
Elhammady M, Mobasher M, Moselhy Hamdy F. Pattern of risky sexual behaviors in opioid-dependent egyptian adults. Addict Disord Their Treat 2014; 13(2): 68-74.
1
Sarrami H, Ghorbani M, Minooei M. Survey of four decades of addiction prevalence researches in Iran. Research on Addiction 2013; 7(26): 29-52. [In Persian].
2
Gonzales R, Mooney L, Rawson RA. The methamphetamine problem in the United States. Annu Rev Public Health 2010; 31: 385-98.
3
Semple SJ, Strathdee SA, Zians J, Patterson TL. Life events and sexual risk among HIV-negative, heterosexual, methamphetamine users. J Sex Res 2010; 47(4): 355-63.
4
Drug Control Headquarters the counselor. The reasons women use illicit substances [Online]. [cited 2014]; Available from: URL: http://www.khabaronline.ir/detail/334514/society/social-damage
5
Mallory C, Hesson-McInnis M. Pilot test results of an HIV prevention intervention for high-risk women. West J Nurs Res 2013; 35(3): 313-29.
6
Wechsberg WM, Jewkes R, Novak SP, Kline T, Myers B, Browne FA, et al. A brief intervention for drug use, sexual risk behaviours and violence prevention with vulnerable women in South Africa: a randomised trial of the Women's Health CoOp. BMJ Open 2013; 3(5).
7
Dworkin SL, Beckford ST, Ehrhardt AA. Sexual scripts of women: A longitudinal analysis of participants in a gender-specific HIV/STD prevention intervention. Arch Sex Behav 2007; 36(2): 269-79.
8
Kermode M, Sono CZ, Songput CH, Devine A. Falling through the cracks: a qualitative study of HIV risks among women who use drugs and alcohol in Northeast India. BMC Int Health Hum Rights 2013; 13: 9.
9
Okpaku S, MacMaster SA, Dennie S, Tolliver D. A model program for increasing treatment access for african american women who use crack cocaine and are at risk of contracting HIV. J Hum Behav Soc Environ 2008; 17(3-4): 293-307.
10
Malley-Morrison K, Hines DA. Family violence in a cultural perspective: defining, understanding, and combating abuse. New York, NY: Sage Publications; 2004.
11
Moon SS, Patton J, Rao U. An ecological approach to understanding youth violence: The mediating role of substance use. J Hum Behav Soc Environ 2010; 20(7): 839-56.
12
Graneheim UH, Lundman B. Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness. Nurse Educ Today 2004; 24(2): 105-12.
13
Speziale HS, Streubert HJ, Carpenter DR. Qualitative research in nursing: Advancing the humanistic imperative. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011.
14
Hsieh HF, Shannon SE. Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qual Health Res 2005; 15(9): 1277-88.
15
Polit DF, Beck CT. Essentials of nursing research: Appraising evidence for nursing practice. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013.
16
Harkonen U. The Bronfenbrenner ecological systems theory of human development. Proceedings of the Scientific Articles of V International Conference Person. Color. Nature. Music; 2007 Oct 17-21; Daugavpils, Latvia.
17
Merghati-Khoei E, Abolghasemi N, Smith TG. Children are sexually innocent: Iranian parents' understanding of children's sexuality. Arch Sex Behav 2014; 43(3): 587-95.
18
Tudge JR, Mokrova I, Hatfield BE, Karnik RB. Uses and misuses of bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory of human development. J Fam Theory Rev 2009; 1(4): 198-210.
19
Bronfenbrenner U. Ecological models of human development. In: Gauvain M, Editor. Readings on the development of children. New York, NY: Scientific American Books; 1994. p. 37-43.
20
Paquette D, Ryan J. Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory [Online]. [cited 2001]; Available from: URL: http://www.floridahealth.gov/alternatesites/cms-kids/providers/early_steps/training/documents/bronfenbrenners_ecological.pdf
21
Hipwell AE, Keenan K, Loeber R, Battista D. Early predictors of sexually intimate behaviors in an urban sample of young girls. Dev Psychol 2010; 46(2): 366-78.
22
Raffaelli M, Green S. Parent-Adolescent communication about sex: Retrospective reports by latino college student. J Marriage Fam 2003; 65(2): 474-81.
23
Ramrakha S, Bell ML, Paul C, Dickson N, Moffitt TE, Caspi A. Childhood behavior problems linked to sexual risk taking in young adulthood: a birth cohort study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007; 46(10): 1272-9.
24
Awusabo-Asare K, Bankole A, Kumi-Kyereme A. Views of adults on adolescent sexual and reproductive health: Qualitative evidence from Ghana [Online]. [cited 2008]; Available from: URL: https://www.guttmacher.org/report/views-adults-adolescent-sexual-and-reproductive-health-qualitative-evidence-ghana
25
Mousavi SA, Keramat A, Vakilian K, Chaman R. Interpretation of opposite-sex friendship based on social ecology model in Iranian females. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci 2012; 6(2): 69-78.
26
Miller-Lewis LR, Sawyer AC, Searle AK, Mittinty MN, Sawyer MG, Lynch JW. Student-teacher relationship trajectories and mental health problems in young children. BMC Psychol 2014; 2(1): 27.
27
Villarruel AM, Jemmott LS, Jemmott JB 3rd. Designing a culturally based intervention to reduce HIV sexual risk for Latino adolescents. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2005; 16(2): 23-31.
28
Jaiswal S, Magar BS, Thakali K, Pradhan A, Gurubacharya DL. HIV/AIDS and STI related knowledge, attitude and practice among high school students in Kathmandu valley. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ) 2005; 3(1): 69-75.
29
AlQuaiz AM, Kazi A, Al Muneef M. Determinants of sexual health knowledge in adolescent girls in schools of Riyadh-Saudi Arabia: A cross sectional study. BMC Womens Health 2013; 13: 19.
30
Savage J, Kanazawa S. Social capital, crime, and human nature. J Contemp Crim Justice 2002; 18(2): 188-211.
31
van Empelen P, Kok G, Hoebe CJ, Jansen MW. A qualitative study of factors that influence the motivation-action relationship in condom use among drug users. Health Education 2003; 103(4): 230-8.
32
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Estimating the Size and Age-gender Distribution of Women’s Active Social Networks
Background: Network Scale-up (NSU) method is an indirect method for the estimation of hidden behaviors. In NSU, respondents are asked about the number of members they know from a subpopulation of interest (e.g., injecting drug user) and assume that the prevalence of risky behavior in the networks of a random sample of respondents is similar to that of the population. However, first, we need to identify the total number of people each respondent knows [the social network size (C)]; Moreover, certain risky behaviors happen in particular age and gender groups. Our aim was to determine the size and age-gender distribution of female networks.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the city of Kerman, Iran. A total sample of 1275 women was recruited using multistage sampling. In this study, 25 first names were selected as reference groups. Participants were asked how many people they know with the selected names. The respondent’s answers were categorized into eight separate age-gender subgroups and C was estimated for each subgroup.Findings: The results of this study showed that, on average, each Kermanian woman knows about 234 people and about two-thirds of them are female (82 males and 152 females); moreover, participants were more likely to communicate with their peers. The majority of males (88%) known by Kermanian women were in young and middle age groups; in contrast the female young and middle age groups, who are at reproductive age, form only 45% of the female part of their networks.Conclusion: We have seen that the age-gender distribution of the networks is not the same as that of the general population. Our figures can be applied in NSU studies focusing on risky behaviors of particular age and gender groups.
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84685_e8d239ba51c57e82edf0f22c718f88ff.pdf
2016-12-05
170
178
Network Scale-Up
Network size
Age-gender distribution
Women
Iran
Maryam
Zamanian
maryam_zamanian23@yahoo.com
1
PhD Student, Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad Reza
Baneshi
rbaneshi2@gmail.com
2
Associate Professor, Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Ali Akbar
Haghdoost
3
Professor, HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Tayebeh
Mokhtari-Sorkhani
arianmokhtari2@gmail.com
4
MSc Student, Department of Nursing and Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Fatemeh
Amiri
madahimeysam@yahoo.com
5
Resident, Physiology Research Center AND Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Farzaneh
Zolala
zolalafarzaneh@gmail.com
6
Associate Professor, HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Maghsoudi A, Baneshi MR, Neydavoodi M, Haghdoost A. Network scale-up correction factors for population size estimation of people who inject drugs and female sex workers in Iran. PLoS One 2014; 9(11): e110917.
1
Ezoe S, Morooka T, Noda T, Sabin ML, Koike S. Population size estimation of men who have sex with men through the network scale-up method in Japan. PLoS One 2012; 7(1): e31184.
2
Paniotto V, Petrenko T, Kupriyanov V, Pakhok O. Estimating the size of populations with high risk for HIV using the network scale-up method [Analytical Report]. Kiev, Ukraine: Kiev International Institute of Sociology; 2009.
3
Shokoohi M, Baneshi MR, Haghdoost AA. Size estimation of groups at high risk of HIV/AIDS using network scale up in Kerman, Iran. Int J Prev Med 2012; 3(7): 471-6.
4
McCormick TH, Salganik MJ, Zheng T. How many people do you know?: Efficiently estimating personal network size. J Am Stat Assoc 2010; 105(489): 59-70.
5
Bao L, Raftery AE, Reddy A. Estimating the size of populations at high risk of HIV in Bangladesh using a Bayesian hierarchical model [Working Paper no. 103]. Seattle, WA: Center for Statistics and the Social Sciences, University of Washington; 2010.
6
Salganik MJ, Fazito D, Bertoni N, Abdo AH, Mello MB, Bastos FI. Assessing network scale-up estimates for groups most at risk of HIV/AIDS: evidence from a multiple-method study of heavy drug users in Curitiba, Brazil. Am J Epidemiol 2011; 174(10): 1190-6.
7
Maghsoudi A, Jalali M, Neydavoodi M, Rastad H, Hatami I, Dehghan A. Estimating the prevalence of high-risk behaviors using network scale-up method in university students of Larestan in 2014. J Subst Use 2016; 0(0): 1-4.
8
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9
Bernard HR, Hallett T, Iovita A, Johnsen EC, Lyerla R, McCarty C, et al. Counting hard-to-count populations: the network scale-up method for public health. Sex Transm Infect 2010; 86(Suppl 2): ii11-ii15.
10
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11
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12
UNAIDS. The US Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator. Consultation on Network scale-up and other size estimation methods from general population surveys [Online]. [cited 2012 May]; Available from: URL: http://www.epidem.org/sites/default/files/reports/Consultation%20on%20network%20scale-up.pdf
13
Rastegari A, Haji-Maghsoudi S, Haghdoost A, Shatti M, Tarjoman T, Baneshi MR. The estimation of active social network size of the Iranian population. Glob J Health Sci 2013; 5(4): 217-27.
14
Snidero S, Morra B, Corradetti R, Gregori D. Estimating the Number of Foreign Bodies Injuries in Children with the Scale-up Method. Proceedings of the ASA Joint Statistical Meetings; 2008 Aug 7-11; Minneapolis, USA.
15
Shati M, Haghdoost A, Majdzadeh R, Mohammad K, Mortazavi S. Social network size estimation and determinants in tehran province residents. Iran J Public Health 2014; 43(8): 1079-90.
16
Wang J, Yang Y, Zhao W, Su H, Zhao Y, Chen Y, et al. Application of Network Scale Up Method in the Estimation of Population Size for Men Who Have Sex with Men in Shanghai, China. PLoS One 2015; 10(11): e0143118.
17
Killworth PD, Johnsen EC, Mccarty C, Shelley GA, Bernard HR. A social network approach to estimating seroprevalence in the United States. Social Networks 1998; 2: 23-50.
18
Habecker P, Dombrowski K, Khan B. Improving the network scale-up estimator: Incorporating means of sums, recursive back estimation, and sampling weights. PLoS One 2015; 10(12): e0143406.
19
Mccarty C, Killworth PD, Bernard HR, Johnsen EC, Shelley GA. Comparing two methods for estimating network size. Hum Orga 2001; 60(1): 28-39.
20
Kadushin C, Killworth PD, Bernard HR, Beveridge AA. Scale-Up methods as applied to estimates of heroin use. J Drug Issues 2006; 36(2): 417-40.
21
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22
Rastegari A, Baneshi MR, Haji-Maghsoudi S, Nakhaee N, Eslami M, Malekafzali H, et al. Estimating the annual incidence of abortions in Iran applying a network scale-up approach. Iran Red Crescent Med J 2014; 16(10): e15765.
23
Shokoohi M, Baneshi MR, Haghdoost AA. Estimation of the active network size of Kermanian males. Addict Health 2010; 2(3-4): 81-8.
24
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effects of Opium Addiction and Cigarette Smoking on Hematological Parameters
Background: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of opium addiction and cigarette smoking on the complete blood count (CBC).Methods: Eighty-six male subjects, including 31 opium-addicted cigarette smokers (OACS), 19 opium-addicted non-cigarette smokers (OANCS), 17 non-opium-addicted cigarette smokers (NOACS), and 19 non-opium-addicted non-cigarette smokers (NOANCS) participated in this study. The CBC test was measured in all individuals.Findings: The OACS had significantly higher white blood cell (WBC), lymphocyte, and red blood cell (RBC) count but lower in mean corpuscular volume (MCV) compared to NOANCS. The OANCS had significantly higher lymphocyte in comparison with NOACS. Our results demonstrated that the number of WBC, lymphocytes, and RBC were significantly higher, while, MCV was lower in OANCS subjects when compared to NOACS. The OACS had significantly higher level of lymphocyte in comparison with NOACS. The mean number of lymphocyte in OANCS was found significantly higher than NOACS. The smokers were shown to have significantly higher levels of WBC compared to NOANCS.Conclusion: Our results showed that opium-addiction, especially when associated with cigarette smoking, has intensive effects on hematological factors and these alteration might leads to greater risk for developing atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, and imbalance in immune system.
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84686_618058404d6a3f364f6564ea7ed14e94.pdf
2016-12-05
179
185
Cigarette smoking
Addiction
Opium
complete blood count
Gholamabbas
Shahabinejad
1
Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology AND Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Majid
Sirati-Sabet
2
Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Kazemi-Arababadi
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
AUTHOR
Saeideh
Nabati
4
PhD Student, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Gholamreza
Asadikaram
gh_asadi@kmu.ac.ir
5
Professor, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences AND Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Condoluci A, Mazzara C, Zoccoli A, Pezzuto A, Tonini G. Impact of smoking on lung cancer treatment effectiveness: a review. Future Oncol 2016; 12(18): 2149-61.
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Van Tiel E, Peeters PH, Smit HA, Nagelkerke NJ, Van Loon AJ, Grobbee DE, et al. Quitting smoking may restore hematological characteristics within five years. Ann Epidemiol 2002; 12(6): 378-88.
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Tarazi IS, Sirdah MM, El Jeadi H, Al Haddad RM. Does cigarette smoking affect the diagnostic reliability of hemoglobin alpha 2 delta 2 (HbA2)? J Clin Lab Anal 2008; 22(2): 119-22.
3
Fernandez JA, Prats JM, Artero JV, Mora AC, Farinas AV, Espinal A, et al. Systemic inflammation in 222.841 healthy employed smokers and nonsmokers: white blood cell count and relationship to spirometry. Tob Induc Dis 2012; 10(1): 7.
4
Asadikaram G, Sirati-Sabet M, Asiabanha M, Shahrokhi N, Jafarzadeh A, Khaksari M. Hematological changes in opium addicted diabetic rats. Int J High Risk Behav Addict 2013; 1(4): 141-8.
5
Schiff PL Jr. Opium and its alkaloids. Am J Pharm Educ 2002; 66(2): 186-94.
6
Liang X, Liu R, Chen C, Ji F, Li T. Opioid system modulates the immune function: a review. Transl Perioper Pain Med 2016; 1(1): 5-13.
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Suzuki S, Chuang LF, Doi RH, Chuang RY. Morphine suppresses lymphocyte apoptosis by blocking p53-mediated death signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 308(4): 802-8.
9
Brown JN, Ortiz GM, Angel TE, Jacobs JM, Gritsenko M, Chan EY, et al. Morphine produces immunosuppressive effects in nonhuman primates at the proteomic and cellular levels. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11(9): 605-18.
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Ke Y, Ye K, Grossniklaus HE, Archer DR, Joshi HC, Kapp JA. Noscapine inhibits tumor growth with little toxicity to normal tissues or inhibition of immune responses. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2000; 49(4-5): 217-25.
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Schuler M, Muehlbauer P, Guzzie P, Eastmond DA. Noscapine hydrochloride-induced numerical aberrations in cultured human lymphocytes: a comparison of FISH detection methods and multiple end-points. Mutagenesis 2003; 18(3): 235-42.
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Sajadian S, Vatankhah M, Majdzadeh M, Kouhsari SM, Ghahremani MH, Ostad SN. Cell cycle arrest and apoptogenic properties of opium alkaloids noscapine and papaverine on breast cancer stem cells. Toxicol Mech Methods 2015; 25(5): 388-95.
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Karam GA, Rashidinejad HR, Aghaee MM, Ahmadi J, Rahmani MR, Mahmoodi M, et al. Opium can differently alter blood glucose, sodium and potassium in male and female rats. Pak J Pharm Sci 2008; 21(2): 180-4.
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Asadikaram G, Asiabanha M, Sayadi A, Jafarzadeh A, Hassanshahi G. Impact of opium on the serum levels of TGF-beta in diabetic, addicted and addicted-diabetic rats. Iran J Immunol 2010; 7(3): 186-92.
18
Nabati S, Asadikaram G, Arababadi MK, Shahabinejad G, Rezaeian M, Mahmoodi M, et al. The plasma levels of the cytokines in opium-addicts and the effects of opium on the cytokines secretion by their lymphocytes. Immunol Lett 2013; 152(1): 42-6.
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38
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Injecting and Sexual Networks and Sociodemographic Factors and Dual HIV Risk among People Who Inject Drugs: A Cross-sectional Study in Kermanshah Province, Iran
Background: Few studies suggest that social network factors, including size of sexual network may associate with drug-related and sexual high-risk behaviors. The objective of this study is to investigate injecting and sexual networks and sociodemographic factors that might be associated with dual HIV risk (DHR) among people who inject drug (PWID).Methods: The data from a cross-sectional study of 455 PWID that were recruited through peer-referral sampling were used in this study. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire consisted of modules on sociodemographic characteristics, sexual and injection-related risk behaviors during 12 months before the interview. DHR was defined as engaged in both using a syringe previously used by other PWIDs and unprotected sex during last 12 months. Data analysis was performed with descriptive and logistic regression. In final model, we considered variables with P < 0.500 as statistically significant. Finally, reported adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and confidence interval (95% CI) for variables that were significant in the final model.Findings: A total of 455 men who injected drugs participated in this study. The mean age ± standard deviation was 33.2 ± 7.3 (range 19-58) years. Overall, the prevalence of DHR In the last 12 months, 38% (95% CI: 18.3-51.2%). Multivariate model showed that regular visit to needle, syringe programs (NSPs) reduced odd of HDR to 50% when adjusted for other covariates, but still remained statistically significant (P < 0.050). The odds of reporting DHR was significantly higher in those ≥ 2 sex partners and injection partner (P < 0.010). Odds of DHR was higher (AOR: 2.3) among participants who had more than 2 injection per day but was not statistically significant (P > 0.050).Conclusion: DHR was common in PWID in Kermanshah. Having multiple injecting and sexual partners increased the odds of engaging in dual risk behaviors, but regular visit of NSPs can reduce the DHR among PWID.
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84687_21207f627d0b93df8fa7809c73360356.pdf
2016-12-05
186
194
People who inject drugs
Dual risk behaviors
social network
Mehdi
Noroozi
noroozimehdi04@gmail.com
1
Assistant Professor, Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ali
Mirzazadeh
ali.mirzazadeh@ucsf.edu
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA AND HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Alireza
Noroozi
a_r_noroozi@yahoo.com
3
Psychiatrist, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies AND PhD Student, Department of Neuroscience and Addiction, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Hamid
Sharifi
sharifihami@gmail.com
4
Assistant Professor, HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Peter
Higgs
peter.higgs@curtin.edu.au
5
Senior Lecturer, Department of Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
AUTHOR
Zahra
Jorjoran-Shushtari
6
PhD Student, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Ali
Farhoudian
ali.farhoudian@gmail.com
7
Assistant Professor, Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Farbod
Fadaei
8
Associate Professor, Psychosis Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Farahnaz
Mohhamadi-Shahboulaghi
9
Associate Professor, Social Determinants of Health Research Center AND Department of Nursing, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Bahram
Armoon
10
PhD Student, Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Student Research Committee, School of Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Omid
Massah
mchomch@gmail.com
11
Associate Professor, Research Center for Addiction and Risky Behavior, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Khajehkazemi R, Osooli M, Sajadi L, Karamouzian M, Sedaghat A, Fahimfar N, et al. HIV prevalence and risk behaviours among people who inject drugs in Iran: the 2010 National Surveillance Survey. Sex Transm Infect 2013; 89(Suppl 3): iii29-iii32.
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3
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5
Alipour A, Haghdoost AA, Sajadi L, Zolala F. HIV prevalence and related risk behaviours among female partners of male injecting drugs users in Iran: results of a bio-behavioural survey, 2010. Sex Transm Infect 2013; 89(Suppl 3): iii41-iii44.
6
Noroozi M, Mirzazadeh A, Noroozi A, Mehrabi Y, Hajebi A, Zamani S, et al. Client-level coverage of needle and syringe program and high-risk injection behaviors: a case study of people who inject drugs in Kermanshah, Iran. Addict Health 2015; 7(3-4): 164-73.
7
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