ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Effectiveness of Group Therapy on the Family Functioning of Individuals under Methadone Treatment: A Clinical Trial
Background: A significant number of opioid-dependent patients in Iran are now being treated by methadone maintenance therapy (MMT). One of the social complications of substance dependency is family disorganization and a decrease in marital satisfaction. This study aimed to determine the effect of group therapy based on the transtheoretical model of change on family functioning of the patients under MMT. Methods: In this open clinical trial, 48 married people who were between the ages of 19 and 40, and under methadone maintenance therapy had been assigned to two random groups of test and control. In the intervention group, group therapy was held based on the transtheoretical model of behavior change, for 29 sessions (two times a week). To assess the overall health and pathology of the family, the two questionnaires Family Assessment Device (FAD) and Marital Conflict Questionnaire (MCQ), both with approved reliability and validity, were used. Findings: A total of 24 patients in the control group and 23 patients in the intervention group (one person withdrew from the study in the early meetings) were evaluated. The mean ± SD of age of the control and intervention groups, respectively, were 33.9 ± 4.8 and 32.8 ± 4.3 (P = 0.40). Before the intervention began the average score of FAD and MCQ questionnaires between the two groups was comparable. After the intervention was over the score of each of the two questionnaires, with the adjustment of the baseline score, was lower in the treatment group than the control group, the difference was marginally significant (P < 0.10). Conclusion: The family functioning of the MMT treated patients showed improvement. Therefore, with the use of stage-of-change and group therapy, steps can be taken for improving family functioning of these patients. Due to the relatively long duration and frequency of treatment sessions the feasibility of this intervention needs further research. Keywords: Behavior change, Marital satisfaction, Drug dependence, Transtheoretical model
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84587_f5760771b8845f376ca0111048feef4a.pdf
2013-04-22
1
6
Hassan
Ziaaddini
addictionhealthjournal@gmail.com
1
Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Batoul
Ebrahim Nejad
2
Family Counselor, Research Center for Health Services Management, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Nouzar
Nakhaee
nakhaeen@yahoo.com
3
Professor, Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Fetishism Due to Methamphetamine (Glass) Abuse: A Case Report
Background: Fetishism is a type of paraphilia. The focus of sexual arousal in fetishism is oriented towards inanimate objects. Sexual arousal and craving are some of the reasons the youth resort to crystal (glass). Drug abuse may cause disorders in sexual function. Case Report: The patient was a 41 years old man. He married in age 22 years and experienced frequent intercourses with his wife from which he gained pleasure and it was his preferable method. Her wife left ten years ago. The patient started crystal administration through insufflations since seven months ago. Simultaneous with crystal abuse, wearing women’s underwear was the only medium through which the patient reached sexual orgasm. Discussion: A lot of psychological symptoms related to new substances (for example glass) are new to psychiatrists treating dependency in medical clinics. Fetishism may coexist with addiction as comorbidity. Another point to be mentioned is that, symptoms of fetishism increased and decreased with more and less glass administration, indicating that symptoms of paraphilia emerge as a result of glass use. In addition, prior to glass use, the patient maintained normal sexual tendencies, had experienced sexual intercourse and did not suffer from any type of paraphilia. Keywords: Paraphilia, Methamphetamine, Fetishism
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84597_495334eca44a5614c4e19b3f394085fb.pdf
2013-05-04
73
76
Ali
Mehdizadeh Zare Anari
1
Psychiatrist, Researcher, Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Student Counseling Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Alireza
Ghafarinezhad
vshahriari@yahoo.com
2
Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Hoda
Soltani
abpardakhty@kmu.ac.ir
3
Department of Chemistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Factors Influencing Drug Injection History among Prisoners: A Comparison between Classification and Regression Trees and Logistic Regression Analysis
Background: Due to the importance of medical studies, researchers of this field should be familiar with various types of statistical analyses to select the most appropriate method based on the characteristics of their data sets. Classification and regression trees (CARTs) can be as complementary to regression models. We compared the performance of a logistic regression model and a CART in predicting drug injection among prisoners. Methods: Data of 2720 Iranian prisoners was studied to determine the factors influencing drug injection. The collected data was divided into two groups of training and testing. A logistic regression model and a CART were applied on training data. The performance of the two models was then evaluated on testing data. Findings: The regression model and the CART had 8 and 4 significant variables, respectively. Overall, heroin use, history of imprisonment, age at first drug use, and marital status were important factors in determining the history of drug injection. Subjects without the history of heroin use or heroin users with short-term imprisonment were at lower risk of drug injection. Among heroin addicts with long-term imprisonment, individuals with higher age at first drug use and married subjects were at lower risk of drug injection. Although the logistic regression model was more sensitive than the CART, the two models had the same levels of specificity and classification accuracy. Conclusion: In this study, both sensitivity and specificity were important. While the logistic regression model had better performance, the graphical presentation of the CART simplifies the interpretation of the results. In general, a combination of different analytical methods is recommended to explore the effects of variables. Keywords: Classification and regression trees, Logistic regression model, History of drug injection, Drug abuse
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84596_9c1cd225a69d22a0de19649a3f6dc404.pdf
2013-04-08
7
15
Azam
Rastegari
1
MSc Student, Department of Biostatistics, Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Ali Akbar
Haghdoost
2
Associate Professor, Department of Epidemiology, Regional Educational Care Center for HIV, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad Reza
Baneshi
rbaneshi2@gmail.com
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Biostatistics, Health Modeling Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Comparing the Effects of Methadone Maintenance Treatment, Therapeutic Community, and Residential Rehabilitation on Quality of Life and Mental Health of Drug Addicts
Background: This study compared the effects of three drug addiction treatment methods on quality of life and mental health of drug addicts. Methods: In this study, 227 Iranian male drug addicts were selected from Mazandaran Province (northern Iran). They were randomized to be treated with methadone maintenance treatment, therapeutic community, or residential rehabilitation. The Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) were completed by the subjects at the start and end of the study. The length of intervention and SF-36 and GHQ scores before and after treatment were compared between groups. All statistical analyses were performed in SPSS15. Findings: Significant differences in quality of life and mental health scores were found between the three groups. We found that if drug addicts stay in the therapeutic community center for more than 6 months, this method will be the most effective intervention to improve quality of life and mental health of drug abusers. Conclusion: Evaluation of different methods drug addiction treatment is very difficult. Therefore, further studies are required to better understand the effects of therapeutic community.Keywords: Quality of life, Mental health, Drug abuse, Methadone maintenance, Residential rehabilitation, Therapeutic community
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84588_fdef8d4385d689177ce96fa8107f9080.pdf
2013-01-16
16
20
Ensiyeh
Babaie
e_babaei@pnu.ac.ir
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, School of Humanities, Payam-e-Noor University, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Nader
Razeghi
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Social Sciences, School of Humanities, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Relationships between Dissociative Disorders and Personality Traits in Opium Addicts on Methadone Treatment
Background: Drug abuse is a major public health problem. Some believe that when dissociation fails to defend against emotional, physical, or sexual trauma, the person will find relief from unpleasant thoughts and emotions in opium use. On the other hand, personality disorders are considered as important predictors of treatment outcomes in drug abusers. Due to lack of adequate research in this regard, we evaluated dissociative disorders and personality traits of opium addicts on methadone treatment. Methods: This cross-sectional analytic study included 111 non-psychotic subjects on methadone treatment (case group) and 69 non-addicts (control group). After recording demographic characteristics, Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) and Millon Multiaxial Inventory III were applied to assess dissociative symptoms and clinical personality patterns of all participants. Findings: Dissociative symptoms were significantly more common in the case group than in the control group (P = 0.044). While dramatic personality disorder was more frequent in the control group (P = 0.008), sadistic, antisocial, and schizotypal personality disorders were significantly more common in the case group ((P = 0.008, 0.002, and 0.023, respectively). Conclusion: We found relations between history of drug dependence, dissociative symptoms, and personality disorders. Therefore, the mentioned disorders need to be kept in mind while planning addiction treatment modalities and identifying high risk groups. Keywords: Dissociation, Personality traits, Patients, Methadone
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84589_de74bb0ecc7cee3b320c902ba52ce6a2.pdf
2013-04-17
21
26
Alireza
Ghafarinezhad
vshahriari@yahoo.com
1
Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ghodratollah
Rajabizadeh
2
Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Vahid
Shahriari
3
Resident, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Opium Induces Apoptosis in Jurkat Cells
Background: The direct effect of some opioids on immune cells has been demonstrated. The aim of this study was to assess the apoptotic effect of opium on Jurkat T lymphocyte cells. Methods: Different concentrations of opium (2.86 × 10-3 to 2.86 × 10-11 g/ml) were added to 24-well plates containing 5 × 105 Jurkat cells. Apoptotic events were assessed after 6, 24, and 72 hours by flow-cytometric detection of surface phosphatidylserine. Findings: Significant differences in apoptosis of Jurkat cells were seen at 24 and 72 hours in different concentrations of opium (P < 0.05). After 72 hours, significant increase in necrosis of Jurkat cells was seen in opium concentration of 2.85 × 10-3 g/ml compared to cells without opium (control) (P < 0.05). Conclusion: These results showed that opium directly increases apoptosis and necrosis of T lymphocytes. This effect may play a role in immune dysfunction in opium addicts.Keywords: Opium, Apoptosis, Necrosis, Jurkat cells
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84590_344ab36ad68ca65dbc3141a9bff11766.pdf
2013-01-20
27
34
Somayeh
Igder
1
MSc Student, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Gholam-Reza
Asadikaram
2
Professor, Physiology Research Center AND Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Farzaneh
Sheykholeslam
3
Assistant Professor, Pasture Institute, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Ahmad-Reza
Sayadi
4
Department of Psychology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Mehdi
Mahmoodi
5
Professor, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Kazemi Arababadi
6
Assistant Professor, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad Javad
Rasaee
7
Professor, Department of Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Relation of opium addiction with the severity and extension of myocardial infarction and its related mortality
Background: Despite some evidences about protective or triggering role of opium use in patients with coronary artery disease, the exact role of opium is still under question. The current study aimed to address the relation of opium dependence on the severity and extension of myocardial infarction (MI) and its related mortality. Methods: The study population consisted of 460 consecutive patients (239 opium addicts and 221 non-addicts) with first acute MI. Study information was extracted from hospital recorded files as well as face to face interview. Findings: In-hospital mortality in opium addicted patients was numerically lower than another group (5.4% versus 8.2%), but this difference was not statistically significant. Regarding types of MI, anterior wall MI was higher in non-addicted patients than addicts (36.4% versus 26.4%). Among patients with anterior wall MI, early mortality was significantly higher in non-addicted compared to addicted subjects (20.0% versus 7.9% P = 0.043). The main associated factors of in-hospital mortality due to acute MI in addicts were advanced age and family history of coronary artery disease and in non-addicts were advanced age and hypertension. Conclusion: In current study total in-hospital mortality was not different between opium addicted and non-addicted groups but opium may reduce the occurrence of anterior wall MI and its related early mortality. Keywords: Opium, Myocardial infarction, Mortality
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84591_5041dd6e1d494165a8eb1fc3c6952831.pdf
2013-04-30
35
42
Farnaz
Dehghani
masoomidr@yahoo.com
1
Department of Nursing, Physiology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Masoomi
2
Associate Professor, Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Physiology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ali Akbar
Haghdoost
3
Associate Professor, Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A Study of the Correlation between Computer Games and Adolescent Behavioral Problems
Background: Today, due to developing communicative technologies, computer games and other audio-visual media as social phenomena, are very attractive and have a great effect on children and adolescents. The increasing popularity of these games among children and adolescents results in the public uncertainties about plausible harmful effects of these games. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between computer games and behavioral problems on male guidance school students.Methods: This was a descriptive-correlative study on 384 randomly chosen male guidance school students. They were asked to answer the researcher's questionnaire about computer games and Achenbach’s Youth Self-Report (YSR).Findings: The Results of this study indicated that there was about 95% direct significant correlation between the amount of playing games among adolescents and anxiety/depression, withdrawn/depression, rule-breaking behaviors, aggression, and social problems. However, there was no statistically significant correlation between the amount of computer game usage and physical complaints, thinking problems, and attention problems. In addition, there was a significant correlation between the students’ place of living and their parents’ job, and using computer games.Conclusion: Computer games lead to anxiety, depression, withdrawal, rule-breaking behavior, aggression, and social problems in adolescents.Keywords: Computer games, Social behavior, Adolescents
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84592_34cff562f43f6da0306dbd764645c949.pdf
2013-06-08
43
50
Solmaz
Shokouhi Moqhaddam
zivari63@yahoo.com
1
Senior Researcher, Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Noshiravan
Khezri Moghadam
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Health Psychology, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Zeinab
Javanmard
3
Academic Member, Department of General Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Zarand Branch, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Hassan
Sarmadi Ansar
4
Senior Researcher, Hamadan Educational Office, Hamadan, Iran
AUTHOR
Mehran
Aminaee
5
BSc Student, Kerman University of Agricultural Applied Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Majid
Shokouhi Moqhaddam
6
Nurse, Department of Angiography, Shafa Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Mahmoud
Zivari Rahman
7
Senior Researcher, Medical Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Frequency of Smoking and Specialized Awareness among Doctors and Nurses of Hospitals in Kerman, Iran
Background: Nicotine is one of the strongest poisons. Every year about 75 thousand of Iranians die due to smoking. Since doctors and nurses have a major role in controlling smoking, this study tried to investigate the prevalence of cigarette smoking among doctors and nurses and their awareness about the effects of smoking. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on all doctors (n = 150) and nurses (n = 400) of hospitals affiliated with Kerman University of Medical Sciences (Kerman, Iran). Data was collected through a questionnaire with reliability of 0.8 and validity of 0.79. It consisted of two parts to assess demographic characteristics of the participants and their awareness about the side effects of smoking. Their awareness was ranked from poor to excellent based on the number of correct answers. Chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests were then used to analyze the collected data. Findings: Of 550 questionnaires, 524 were completed (51.3% by the nurses and 48.7% by the doctors. While 21.2% of all participants smoked cigarettes, 71.8% of doctors and 95.3% of nurses did not smoke. The levels of awareness among nurses and doctors were determined as poor and moderate, respectively.Conclusion: The higher prevalence of smoking among nurses confirms the significance of education. The level of awareness among the studied doctors and nurses was not desirable. Enhancing the awareness and attitude of medical staff will improve not only their own performance but also the behavioral pattern of the society.Keywords: Cigarette, Smoking, Doctors, Nurses, Knowledge
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84593_278181027faa5002dc58de1e5e87f112.pdf
2013-02-13
51
56
Hakimeh
Hoseainrezaee
1
Lecturer, Department of Principles and Techniques, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Sedigheh
Khodabandeh
2
Lecturer, Department of Principles and Techniques, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Ali
Kheradmand
dr.alikheradmand@yahoo.com
3
Psychiatrist, Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Motahareh
Pilehvarzadeh
4
Lecturer, Department of Principles and Techniques, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Interrelationship of Smoking, Lip and Gingival Melanin Pigmentation, and Periodontal Status
Background: Cigarette smoking is a significant risk factor for periodontal disease. It also causes pigmentation of oral mucosa. The present study was aimed to assess the effects of smoking on lip and gingival pigmentation and periodontal status and the relationship between pigmentation and periodontal parameters. Methods: A total of 109 smokers and an equal number of non-smoker controls (mean age: 35.9 years, range: 35-44 years) comprised the study sample. All the participants were assessed for pigmentation on lip and gingiva and overall periodontal status (gingival bleeding, probing depth, and loss of attachment at six points in each tooth). Findings: All the smokers in this study had lip and gingival pigmentation. Two-third of non-smokers had no pigmentation. The mean scores of lip and gingival pigmentation in smokers were seven and four times higher than those of non-smokers, respectively. Pigmentation and periodontal parameters (except gingival bleeding) were found to be positively related with exposure to smoking exposure. Probing depth and loss of attachment were the highest in subjects with pigmented lips and grade three pigmented gingiva. Conclusion: Smoking influenced lip and gingival pigmentation and periodontium. All individuals with lip pigmentation presented some form of gingival pigmentation. Probing depth and loss of attachment were more severe in subjects with lip and gingival pigmentation. Keywords: Oral mucosa, Pigmentation, Smoking, Periodontium
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84594_bfdcb2373da882806055ba8ff2b46b58.pdf
2013-06-08
57
65
Suraj
Multani
drsurajmultani@gmail.com
1
Senior Lecturer, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Chhattisgarh Dental College and Research Institute, Rajnandgaon, India
LEAD_AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Substance Abuse among Students of Zanjan’s Universities (Iran): A Knot of Today's Society
Background: In order to assess the status of drug abuse and likely addiction among university students, a descriptive study was designed. Methods: 1200 subjects among the students of three universities in Zanjan were selected by stratified random sampling and their demographic information and history of substance abuse including hookah, cigarette, codeine, ibuprofen, alcohol, diazepam, tramadol, cannabis, opium, grass, heroin, crack, X pill, morphine, marijuana, Librium, and LSD were assessed by a standard questionnaire and were analyzed in 2010. Findings: The mean age of students was 21.3 ± 2.3 years (ranged 18-38 years) and the mean age of drug abuse onset was 19.45 years old. 48.2% of male students and 23.4% of female had a history of drug abuse at least once. 6.3% of males and 1.2% of female subjects were addicted constantly which the difference was statically significant (P < 0.001). 32.7% were motivated by pain and 13.3% seeking for pleasure. Hookah with 18% and LSD with 1% had the lowest and highest percentage of drug use, respectively. Conclusion: Substance abuse was higher in males than females. Drug abuse was higher among older students with higher degree, and with psychological disorder history. It seems that we require goal directed programs to control and reduce the prevalence of substance abuse, raise students’ awareness and increase students’ information about substance disadvantages especially in their entrance. Keyword: Substance abuse, Addiction, University students
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84595_d1de5af3e3a24b4bfa733b198856c0fe.pdf
2013-05-12
66
72
Abolfazl
Goreishi
dr.ghoreishi@gmail.com
1
Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry AND Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Zahra
Shajari
adz.shajari@gmail.com
2
Researcher, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
AUTHOR