ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Comparison of the Efficacy of Buprenorphine and Clonidine in Detoxification of Opioid-Dependents
Background: Since the number of drug users is increasing, applying a method of detoxification with fewer side effects during withdrawal from opioids and greater reliability seems to be necessary. In addition, without maintenance treatment, there will be limited success of treatment. This study aimed to compare success rates of detoxification with sublingual buprenorphine and clonidine and to evaluate addiction relapse in patients using naltrexone in a six-month follow-up. Methods: This double-blind trial was carried out on opioid dependent patients in a psychiatric hospital in Kerman (Iran) during 2007-09. The subjects were randomly selected from individuals who had referred for detoxification. They were allocated to two groups to receive either clonidine (n = 21) or buprenorphine (n = 14). The success rates of the two methods were assessed at the end of the course and patients were discharged while prescribed with 25 mg daily use of naltrexone. They were followed up for six months and the continuous use of naltrexone and relapse of substance abuse were evaluated. Findings: A total number of 35 patients entered the study. Success of detoxification with naltrexone was confirmed in all cases. One person (8.4%) in the clonidine group and no patient in the buprenorphine group had a Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS) score of more than 12 (P > 0.05). The mean levels of objective signs and subjective symptoms of withdrawal and the desire for drug abuse had significant reductions during detoxification period in both groups (P < 0.001). However, the difference in these variables between the two groups was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Naltrexone was used for an average of one month in 43% and 64% of subjects in the clonidine and buprenorphine groups, respectively. In addition, 62% of patients in the clonidine group and 92.8% of subjects in the buprenorphine group received maintenance treatment. Nevertheless, the mean number of days staying in treatment was not significantly difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Buprenorphine is as effective as clonidine in controlling withdrawal symptoms. A greater percentage of patients detoxified by buprenorphine received maintenance treatment, but there was not a significant difference in relapse rates between the two methods.Keywords: Buprenorphine, Clonidine, Naltrexone, Opioid detoxification, Addiction relapse.
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84583_7c1c1d1602e0b4ea84eef87c9e70151c.pdf
2012-12-12
79
86
Hassan
Ziaaddini
addictionhealthjournal@gmail.com
1
Associate Professor, Neuroscience Research Center AND School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mansooreh
Nasirian
2
Psychiatrist, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Nouzar
Nakhaee
nakhaeen@yahoo.com
3
Professor, Kerman Neuroscience Research Center AND Department of Social Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection among Injection Drug Users Released from Jail
Background: Injecting drug users (IDUs) and prisoners are considered to be highly vulnerable to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in Iran. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of HIV infection among IDUs released from jail in Bahar (Hamadan, Iran). Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 118 IDUs who were prisoners during 2001-07 were evaluated. Their demographic and personal characteristics were assessed by a questionnaire. In order to determine HIV-positive individuals, blood samples were obtained from the participants and tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot technique. Findings: Overall, 20.3% of the subjects had used non-sterile injecting equipment during their imprisonment. The prevalence of HIV infection among the studied population was 4.2%. Conclusion: As the prevalence of HIV among IDUs released from jail is high, it is necessary for prison authorities to take measures against the increase in the prevalence of HIV among this group.Keywords: Injection drug users, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Human immunodeficiency virus, Bahar (Iran).
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84582_75bc89ca39a4119e3c8a3514cfc5d8b2.pdf
2012-12-12
151
155
Ali Reza
Moradi
mostafavi@pasteur.ac.ir
1
Health Center of Bahar, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
AUTHOR
Abbas
Emdadi
2
Public Health, Health Center of Bahar, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
AUTHOR
Bahram
Soori
ehsanmostafavi@yahoo.com
3
Assistant Professor, Ayatollah Bahari Hospital, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
AUTHOR
Ehsan
Mostafavi
mostafaviehsan@gmail.com
4
Assistant Professor, Department of Epidemiology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran And Regional Knowledge Hub for HIV/AIDS Surveillance, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Prevalence of Problematic Internet Use and the Related Factors in Medical Students, Kerman, Iran
Background: Although problematic Internet use (PIU) is a growing problem among adolescents, few studies have examined its prevalence among university students in Iran. This study was designed to investigate the prevalence of PIU and its potential risk factors among students at Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, data was collected from 976 university students. PIU was assessed by the 18-item Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire. In addition, information on demographics and Internet usage pattern was also collected. Findings: A total of 920 students completed the survey (response rate = 94.8%). Of them, 98% were Internet users. Overall, 21% of the students were identified as problematic Internet users. Logistic regression analysis showed that spending more time online, having a history of psychiatric disorders, and using the Internet for chatting and playing games were risk factors for PIU. Conclusion: PIU is a common problem among university students. These results suggest the need for preventive and interventional strategies for this vulnerable group.Keywords: Problematic Internet use, University students, Iran.
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84584_772c8a1d25214aa90cdb8892ad613584.pdf
2012-12-12
87
94
Shahrzad
Mazhari
smazhari@kmu.ac.ir
1
Assistant Professor, Neuropsychiatrist, Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Comparison of Duration of Spinal Anesthesia with Lidocaine or Lidocaine Plus Epinephrine between Addicts and Non-addicts
Background: Duration of spinal anesthesia depends on the type of anesthetic agent, dosage and additive materials such as epinephrine, ephedrine and opioid. We compared the duration of spinal anesthesia with lidocaine 5% with or without epinephrine in addict and non-addict patients undergoing inferior limb fracture surgery. Methods: This single blinded randomized clinical trial was performed on 201 males (height ranged 150-180 cm) who referred to the Shahid Bahonar Hospital of Kerman for the inferior limb fracture. Their physical class was matched to the American association standard class 1 and 2, and they were appropriate candidates for the spinal anesthesia. The addict or non-addict groups were each divided into two subgroups. 75 mg of 5% lidocaine was prescribed for one subgroup, and the other subgroup received 75 mg of 5% lidocaine plus 0.2 mg epinephrine. The level of primary anesthesia was elevated to T6. Duration of returning to the 4 primary sensory levels was measured since baseline. Findings: A significant increase in the duration of anesthesia level in both addict and non-addict patients receiving lidocaine plus epinephrine was observed compared to the subgroups receiving lidocaine alone (P < 0.01). Duration of decrease in sensory level in addict subgroups receiving lidocaine or lidocaine plus epinephrine was lower compared to non-addict patients (P < 0.0001). In addict subgroup receiving lidocaine alone, a significant decrease was observed in the time needed for decrease in sensory level (P < 0.01).Conclusion: According to the results of this study, regardless of the anesthetic agent being used, duration of spinal anesthesia was shorter in addict patients compared to non-addict ones. Addition of epinephrine to lidocaine 5% increased the duration of spinal anesthesia in both addict and non-addict patients.Keywords: Spinal anesthesia, Addict, Lidocaine, Epinephrine.
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84585_0291129a6e8a22744f1aab392eb4122e.pdf
2012-12-12
95
101
Afshin
Mansourian
shabani@kmu.ac.ir
1
Resident, Department of Anesthesiology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Askarzadeh
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Anesthesiology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Shabani
shabanimoh@yahoo.com
3
Assistant Professor, Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Kouros
Divsalar
samira_ndr@yahoo.com
4
Researcher, Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Impacts of Mothers’ Occupation Status and Parenting Styles on Levels of Self-Control, Addiction to Computer Games, and Educational Progress of Adolescents
Background: Addiction to computer (video) games in adolescents and its relationship with educational progress has recently attracted the attention of rearing and education experts as well as organizations and institutes involved in physical and mental health. The current research attempted to propose a structural model of the relationships between parenting styles, mothers’ occupation status, and addiction to computer games, self-control, and educational progress of secondary school students. Methods: Using multistage cluster random sampling, 500 female and male secondary school students in Kerman (Iran) were selected and studied. The research tools included self-control, parenting styles, and addiction to computer games questionnaires and a self-made questionnaire containing demographic details. The data was analyzed using exploratory factor analysis, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and route analysis (in LISREL). Findings: We found self-control to have a linking role in the relationship between four parenting styles and educational progress. Mothers’ occupation status was directly and significantly correlated with addiction to computer games. Although four parenting styles directly and significantly affected addiction to computer games, the findings did not support the linking role of addiction to computer games in the relationship between four parenting styles and educational progress. Conclusion: In agreement with previous studies, the current research reflected the impact of four parenting styles on self-control, addiction to computer games, and educational progress of students. Among the parenting styles, authoritative style can affect the severity of addiction to computer games through self-control development. It can thus indirectly influence the educational progress of students. Parents are recommended to use authoritative parenting style to help both self-management and psychological health of their children. The employed mothers are also recommended to have more supervision and control on the degree and type of computer games selected by their children.Keywords: Self control, Parenting styles, Addiction to video games, Mothers’ occupation, Academic achievements.
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84575_d34bcd00a2fc328f35a6792c3039a897.pdf
2012-12-12
102
110
Yasamin
Abedini
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
AUTHOR
Bibi Eshrat
Zamani
2
Associate Professor, Department of Education, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
AUTHOR
Ali
Kheradmand
dr.alikheradmand@yahoo.com
3
Psychiatrist, Kerman Neurosciences Research Center, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ghodratollah
Rajabizadeh
4
Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effects of Methadone on Liver Enzymes in Patients Undergoing Methadone Maintenance Treatment
Background: Methadone is currently the most frequently used substance in the treatment of short-term and particularly long-term opiate dependence. Patients' beliefs about the adverse effects of methadone on function of organs, especially liver, have widely affected the use of this substance. This study aimed to determine the effects of methadone on liver enzyme levels in patients on methadone maintenance treatment. Methods: In a retrospective study, a total of 94 patients undergoing methadone maintenance therapy were recruited from Shahid Beheshti Hospital (Kerman, Iran). Liver enzyme levels in all patients were tested every six months from the onset of treatment until 24 months. The relations between test results and age, gender, and methadone dose were then evaluated. Data was analyzed using logistic regression with random data plan. Findings: At the 24th month, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in 4 patients (4.3%) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in 3 patients (3.2%) were above normal. Among 46 patients (50%) who had normal alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels after 24 months, 26 subjects were younger than 40 and 20 subjects were over 40 years of age. The mean age of subjects with abnormal ALP levels and the mean methadone dose were 39.9 years and 19.55 cc, respectively.Conclusion: The results of this study indicated the significant effect of methadone on ALP levels. These effects can account for cholestatic pattern liver injury (obstruction). Further prospective studies including greater samples of patients with heart and liver complications and encompassing other drugs are required to confirm our findings.Keywords: Methadone, Substance abuse, Liver, Alanine aminotransferase, Aspartate aminotransferase, Alkaline phosphatase
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84576_ac5d025bf24c464577a14c425ab7ee3f.pdf
2012-12-16
111
116
Mahin
Eslami-Shahrbabaki
dr.fekrat@gmail.com
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Ali Akbar
Haghdoost
2
Associate Professor, Department of Epidemiology, Health Modeling Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Azadeh
Mashaiekhi
3
Psychiatric Assistant, Shahid Beheshiti Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Navid
Khalili
4
Psychiatrist, Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Zahra
Amini-Ranjbar
5
Nurse, Shahid Beheshiti Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Alireza
Ghayomi
6
Noor and Aliasghar Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Comparison of Total Hip Arthroplasty and Core Decompression in Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head after Taking Temgesic and Norgesic
Background: Osteonecrosis is common after taking Temgesic and Norgesic. This study intended to suggest the preferable surgical treatment in osteonecrosis patients who use these drugs. Methods: Twenty tree patients with hip osteonecrosis who were hospitalized in the Kerman hospitals after using Temgesic and Norgesic were followed for about 14 months from 2008 to 2010 (from a minimum of 2 months to a maximum of 2 years). 65% of patients underwent total hip arthroplasty (THA) and core decompression was performed for 35% of them. Patients were compared based on functional scoring of hip before and after surgery. Findings: Duration of drug use was 38 months on average and injection frequency of drug was averagely 3 months. The average functional scoring of hip was 9.1 before operation while it was 16 after surgery (P < 0.001). Recovery rate of patients in THA was very good and in core decompression was good.Conclusion: In treatment of osteonecrosis after taking Temgesic and Norgesic, the THA surgery in comparison with core decompression showed better results and caused significant clinical improvement.Keywords: Total hip arthroplasty, Core decompression, Avascular necrosis, Temgesic, Norgesic.
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84577_4f5f38299f789e8a35b29d3734460052.pdf
2012-12-12
117
121
Mahmood
Karimi-Mobarake
1
Associate Professor, Department of Orthopedy, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Ali
Nemati
2
Resident, Department of Orthopedy, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti Medical University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Ali
Kheradmand
dr.alikheradmand@yahoo.com
3
Psychiatrist, Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ghodratollah
Rajabyzadeh
4
Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Smoking Pattern in Family Members of Smokers in Slums of Surat City, Western India
Background: The relationship between becoming a smoker and having smoker parents, siblings, and relatives is still uncovered in India. The influences of a smoking role model in a family on smoking habits of individuals are yet to be revealed. This study aimed to understand the relationship of smoking abuse of a person with smoking of their family members. Methods: This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the slums of 20 urban health centers (UHCs) of Surat city (India). A pretested semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The data was analyzed using Epi-Info software. Findings: Among 281 smoker participants, 168 (59.8%), 55 (19.6%), 95 (33.8%), and 50 (17.8%) had smoking fathers, grandparents, siblings, and other relatives, respectively. While 131 participants (44.6%) had correct information about the law of banned smoking, 249 participants (88.6%) were in favor of this law. The association of smoking abuse in fathers with smoking abuse in siblings came out to be odds ratio (OR) = 3.75 (95% CI: 2.11-6.63) and grandparents to be odds ratio 16.43 (95% CI: 4.98-54.17), respectively. The association between education and following the law of banned smoking was statistically significant OR = 2.98 (95% CI: 1.43-6.00).Conclusion: Substance abuse in parents, siblings, and other relatives is likely to influence the behavior of the person towards it. Persons living in the same vicinity may also greatly influence the behavior of an individual.Keywords: Smoking, Smoker, India.
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84578_5852e3b90688f6cf64c1118af9b714e9.pdf
2012-12-12
122
126
Vaibhav
Gharat
drvvgmd@gmail.com
1
Postgraduate Resident, Department of Community Medicine, Surat Municipal Institute of Medical Education and Research (SMIMER), Surat, Gujarat, India
LEAD_AUTHOR
Sunil
Nayak
drsunilnayak@gmail.com
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Surat Municipal Institute of Medical Education and Research (SMIMER), Surat, Gujarat, India
AUTHOR
Rajkumar
Bansal
3
Professor and Head, Department of Community Medicine, Surat Municipal Institute of Medical Education and Research (SMIMER), Surat, Gujarat, India
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Efficacy of Integrating Stress Coping Skills Training with Detoxification on Social Adjustment of Addicted Women
Background: Addiction as a biopsychosocial problem has been dramatically increased in our country. Adverse consequences of the addiction in women have been shown to be more than men, which in turn can affect family members’ health and wellbeing. The current study examined the efficacy of stress coping skills training in addicted women referring to an outpatient centre of addiction prevention located in Welfare Organization of Gorgan, Iran. Methods: 30 women with low levels of social adjustment measured by Social Adjustment Scale were randomly assigned to coping skills training with detoxification treatments (experimental) or detoxification alone groups. Both groups (N = 15) completed pre-post assessments of Bell’s adjustment Inventory. Experimental group received coping skills training program in ten sessions, each session last 90 minutes. Findings: Social adjustment was considerably improved more in addicted women who followed coping skills training program with detoxification treatment in comparison with the women who was undergone only detoxification treatment.Conclusion: Skills training program can help addicted women to better cope with their adjustment problem and these skills should be integrated into detoxification programs for this population.Keywords: Addiction, Detoxification, Stress, Coping skills training, Social adjustment.
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84579_9eceeb3c59bb8b13051d131f0fab97f3.pdf
2012-12-12
127
132
Mehdi
Dehestani
dr.dehestani.m@gmail.com
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, School of Literature and Humanities, Payam Nour University, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Morteza
Tarkhan
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, School of Literature and Humanities, Payam Nour University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Maryam
Abbasi
3
PhD Student, Health Psychology, School of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Zahra Sadat
Aghili
4
General Psychology, Department of Psychology, School of Literature and Humanities, Payam Nour University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Mental Disorders with Internet Addiction in Internet Users University Students
Background: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between emotional intelligence and mental disorders, with internet addiction in university students. Methods: The method of study was descriptive-pilot one and correlation. Two hundred internet users (male and female) from Isfahan University and Isfahan University of Technology were randomly selected. For data collection، Carson's emotional intelligence Questionnaire، SCL-90 scale and Internet Addiction Test were used. Data analysis was implemented using multivariate regression statistical method. Findings: The results showed that, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, aggression, phobia, hypochondria disorders, and emotional intelligence were the most significant predictors of Internet addiction. Moreover, there were significant correlations between these variables and Internet addiction disorder (P < 0.001). Moreover، the findings showed that there were significant associations between depressive (R = 0.33), summarization (R = 0.24), and interpersonal sensitivity (R = 0.20) disorders. In this study no correlation was found between internet addiction disorder with psychosis and paranoid ideation. Moreover, among mental disorders, there was only a significant difference between the sexes in depression (P < 0.001); the men showed more depressive tendencies than women. Conclusion: Therefore, the results showed a correlation between emotional intelligence and mental disorders with internet addiction, but these results can help therapists, psychologists and counselors in providing services to help internet addicts.Keywords: Mental disorders, Internet addiction, Emotional intelligence, Depression, Anxiety.
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84580_b03beae7ac938cea8ac92b5bd9a36942.pdf
2012-12-12
133
141
Hasan
Khoshakhlagh
1
PhD Student, Instructor, Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University Branch of Naein, Naein, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Salar
Faramarzi
salarfaramarzi@yahoo.com
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, Behaviour and Interpersonal Factors Related to the Use of Tobacco among Youth of Udaipur City, Rajasthan, India: a Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Tobacco is the most important preventable cause of disease burden and death all over the world. Apart from being the single most important determinant of cancer and cardiovascular diseases, smoking is also a threat to oral health. The Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) as a part of Global Tobacco Surveillance System (GTSS) was developed to monitor tobacco use, elicit attitudes about tobacco, and obtain information on exposure to tobacco smoke among youth. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, knowledge, attitude, behaviour and interpersonal factors related to the use of tobacco among youth of Udaipur city, Rajasthan, India. Methods: This study was conducted among 1031, 15 to 25 year old youths studying in the different colleges of Udaipur city, Rajasthan, India. The Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) core questionnaire was used. Simple descriptive statistics were used for the data. Findings: Out of the total 1031 participants (mean age: 19.55 ± 1.35), 632 (61.2%) were male (mean age: 19.66 ± 1.36) and 399 (38.7%) were female (mean age: 19.35 ± 1.35). 493 (47.8%) were current tobacco users, the majority of which were male 411 (39.8%). 122 (11.8%) had a previous history of tobacco use, while 416 (40.3%) reported that they had never used tobacco in any form. The majority of the male participants, 305 (29.5%), were consuming tobacco daily. Majority of current, 152 (30.8%), and ever tobacco users, 122 (41.8%), smoke and chew gutkha at places of entertainment followed by smoking or chewing at school/college premises. The majority of them bought gutkha themselves, 292 (47.4%). Moreover, the majority of current tobacco users, 298 (72.5%) male and 82 (100%) female, wanted to stop smoking /gutkha chewing.Conclusion: The present study indicates that there is a high prevalence of use of tobacco among youth of Udaipur city, Rajasthan, India.Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, Smoking.
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84581_4065264388d9812374b24e27d30f62b1.pdf
2012-12-12
142
150
Suraj
Multani
drsurajmultani@gmail.com
1
Postgraduate Student, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Darshan Dental College and Hospital, Loyara, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
LEAD_AUTHOR
Jaddu
Jyothirmai Reddy
2
Senior Lecturer, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Darshan Dental College and Hospital, Loyara, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
AUTHOR
Nagesh
Bhat
drjoe218@yahoo.com
3
Professor and HOD, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Darshan Dental College and Hospital, Loyara, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
AUTHOR
Ashish
Sharma
chints.dr@gmail.com
4
Postgraduate Student, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Darshan Dental College and Hospital, Loyara, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
AUTHOR