ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effects of Opium Smoking Cessation on the Nasopharyngeal Microbial Flora
Abstract Background: To determine the effect of opium smoking cessation on the frequency and type of microorganisms in the nasopharynx of opium smokers. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study performed in psychology and ENT department of Moradi Hospital of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences in 2008 (Kerman, Iran). Nasopharyngeal cultures were taken from 50 opium smokers before and 2 to 3 months after cessation of opium smoking. Potential pathogens were identified. Findings: Eight potential pathogens were isolated from nasopharyngeal cultures obtained from 43 individuals before opium smoking cessation, and 4 were recovered from 33 individuals after cessation (P < 0.0001). Streptococcus pneumonia, staphylococcus saprofiticus, streptococos α hemolytic, and staphylococcus aureus in 2nd culture were not seen. The most sensitivity to antibiotics was related to ceftriaxone (84%), ciprofloxacin (74%) and cloxacillin (72%); the most resistance was to amoxicillin (26%) and the least resistance was to chloramphenicol. Conclusion: In our study, some potential pathogens decreased or even disapeared after opium cessation. Our patients have not been advised to change their number of cigarettes. We have used methadone pill for substitution of opium. It seems that opium smoking affects nasopharyngeal flora. Keyword: Opium, Nasaopharynx, Microbial flora
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84507_e0835623a3b85a873c37cdaaa81c3f71.pdf
2010-11-10
Ali
Golshiri
a_golshiri@rums.ac.ir
1
Assistant Professor of Otorhinolaryngology and Chief of Moradi Hospital, Departments of Otorhinolaryngology, Moradi Hospital, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad Reza
Mokhtaree
2
Hospital Infection Control Nurse, Moradi Hospital, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences
AUTHOR
Ziba
Shabani
3
Specialist in Infectious Disease, Ali-ibn- Abitalib Hospital, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences
AUTHOR
Sayed Taghi
Tabatabaee
4
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics and Chief of School of Medicine, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences
AUTHOR
Amir
Rahnama
ameer_rahnama@yahoo.com
5
Pathologist, Vice Chancellor of Treatment, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Moradi
6
Assistant Professor of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences
AUTHOR
Ahamad Reza
Sayadi
7
Ocupational Therapist, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences
AUTHOR
Hadi
Faezi
8
Medical Student, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Rare Variant of Lycanthropy and Ecstasy
Abstract Background: Lycanthropy is an unusual belief or delusion in which the patient thinks that he/she has been transformed into an animal. In rare cases, the patient believes that another person has been transformed into an animal. Case Report: We report a patient with an uncommon variant of lycanthropy is introduced. The symptoms appeared after consumption of ecstasy. This shows the occurrences of uncommon and rare psychosis after ecstasy drug use especially in patients susceptible to schizophrenia. Ecstasy drug can induce paranoid psychosis similar to schizophrenia. In the presented case, ecstasy seemed to have a role in patient's underlying susceptibility to schizophrenia. Keywords: Lycanthropy, Ecstasy
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84508_9646295d6a0250a807b3c384b1762a27.pdf
2010-11-10
Mansoureh
Nasirian
1
Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Kerman University of Medical Science
AUTHOR
Nabi
Banazadeh
alikheradmand2007@yahoo.com
2
Resident of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences
AUTHOR
Ali
Kheradmand
nhdzamani@yahoo.com
3
Resident of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Neuroscience Research Center Kerman University of Medical Sciences
LEAD_AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Relationship of Opium Dependency and Stroke
Abstract Background: Stroke is the third cause of mortality and not only leads to dependency, which is a great social, individual and cultural problem, but also can affect the physiology, immune system and coagulation system such as plasma fibrinogen, and it may potentially increase the risk of stroke. This study investigated the relationship of opium dependency and stroke. Methods: This case- control study was carried out in 2003-2004 in Shefa Hospital in Kerman, Iran. The case group included 105 stroke patients and control group included the same number of patients from urology ward. There were 55 females and 50 males in each group. Patients' data were collected through their medical history, physical examinations, and diagnosis procedures recorded in specific questionnaires. Data were analyzed using Chi square test. Findings: 31 patients (29.5%) in the case and 11 (10.5%) in the control group were opium dependent and the difference was significant (P = 0.001). The relationship of cigarette smoking and stroke was also significant (P = 0.0001). To find the independent effect of each of these two factors, a logistic regression analysis was done, which showed that the independent relationship of each of these two was significant (Odds ratio = 2.207, P = 0.012 and Odds ratio = 2.36, P = 0.040 for cigarette and opium dependency respectively). Conlusion: Opium dependency can be regarded as an independent risk factor for stroke. As this corresponds to previous findings as to opium dependency can increase plasma fibrinogen and development of atherosclerosis, it is important for prophylactic manages. Keyword: Drug dependency, Opium, Stroke
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84509_8d73f8c17e651607283588612590d15b.pdf
2010-11-10
Akbar
Hamzei Moqaddam
a_hassanzadeh@kmu.ac.ir
1
Associate Professor of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences
LEAD_AUTHOR
Seyyed Mohammad Reza
Ahmadi Musavi
2
Assistant Professor of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences
AUTHOR
Khatereh
Khademizadeh
3
Intern, Shefa Hospital, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Psychosis following Tramadol Withdrawal
Abstract Background: Tramadol is a centrally acting opioid analgesic used to treat moderate to sever pain. It has more advantage and less opioid adverse effects than conventional opioid analgesia. Case Report: This article reports a patient with tramadol dependency that had psychosis after tramadol withdrawal. Conclusion: By the increase of tramadol usage for relief of chronic pain, tramadol abuse and dependency is increased. Some of tramadol withdrawal symptoms are not related to opioid, for example when the effectiveness is not only on opioid receptors, but on catecholamine and serotonin receptors. So, together with typical symptoms of withdrawal, atypical symptomes had been reported. Psychosis is one of tramadol atypical withdrawal symptoms which subsided a few days after suppression of withdrawal symptoms. In such cases, the diagnosis is substance withdrawal instead of psychotic disorder due to substance withdrawal and treatment is based on this diagnosis. Keywords: Tramadol, Psychosis, Atypical withdrawal
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84510_b3b927c3d9e05dd62687b5b16ac0047b.pdf
2010-11-10
Ghodratolah
Rajabizadeh
yazdanpanahfatemeh95@gmail.com
1
Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences
AUTHOR
Ali
Kheradmand
nhdzamani@yahoo.com
2
Resident of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Kerman Neurosciences Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mansoureh
Nasirian
3
Resident of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Opiate Dependents’ Experiences of the Therapeutic Relationship in Methadone Centers; A Qualitative Study
Abstract Background: Methadone maintenance therapy is a treatment of choice for opiate addiction. Understanding opiate dependents’ experiences of patients' treatment is a key to continue the treatment and can provide help to revise the standards of methadone centers and improve the quality of treatment. This study aimed to describe the essence and structure of opiate dependents’ experiences with methadone maintenance therapy. Methods: It was a qualitative phenomenological study, in which participants were selected from opiate dependents referred to methadone centers in Kerman city in 2007. Sampling was purposive and continued until data saturation, which was achieved at 32 participants. Data were collected by in-depth interviews. Colaizzi's method was applied for data analysis. The rigor of the present study was assessed based on the criteria of confirmability and credibility. Findings: A total of 26 themes were extracted and categorized into three main themes including positive therapeutic alliance, negative therapeutic alliance and therapeutic alliance requests. Conclusion: Client–centered therapy in methadone clinics creates a positive therapeutic alliance, and persuades patients to continue their treatment. Establishing a good relationship with patients during their treatment procedure is an effective way to meet the goals. Individual and group counseling sessions and advices on family and career related issues during the treatment should be considered as well. Keywords: Methadone, Experiences, Professional Patient Relationships, Qualitative research, Opiate dependence
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84511_f663c2a3610597cfd4b9b7b1d83c4d1c.pdf
2010-11-10
Nabi
Banazadeh
alikheradmand2007@yahoo.com
1
Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences
AUTHOR
Ali
Kheradmand
nhdzamani@yahoo.com
2
Resident of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences
LEAD_AUTHOR
Heidarali
Abedi
3
Assistant Professor of Nursing Education, Khorasgan Azad University
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Comparative Evaluation of Psychiatric Disorders in Opium and Heroin Dependent Patients
Abstract Background: Opium dependency is an important health problem in Iran. Several studies show that most opium dependent patients have concomitant psychiatric disorders. The aim of this study was evaluation of psychiatric disorders in opium dependency in comparison with heroin dependency. Methods: This is a descriptive study on 192 male opium dependent patients who were admitted in dual- diagnosis ward of Beheshti Hospital in Kerman for detoxification. After evaluation of their demographic data, they were assessed by means of SCL-90-R test. Findings: The mean age of subjects was 33.92 ± 7.67 years. All scales of SCL-90-R were evaluated as borderline or sick. The scores of obsession-compulsion, anxiety, phobia, psychosis, PST, and GSI were significantly higher in heroin dependents compared to opium dependent patients (P < 0.05). Conclusion: It is recommended that all patients with opium dependency should be evaluated for co-morbid psychiatric disorders. This may improve the outcome and management of their dependency. Keywords: Opium, Heroin, Psychopathology, SCL-90-R
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84512_62f553639ceb350b372d92a92eded395.pdf
2010-11-10
Alireza
Ghaffari Nejad
argnejad@yahoo.com
1
Associate Professor of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hassan
Ziaadini
addictionhealthjournal@gmail.com
2
Associate Professor of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences
AUTHOR
Nabi
Banazadeh
alikheradmand2007@yahoo.com
3
Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Frequency of Anabolic Steroids Abuse in Bodybuilder Athletes in Kerman City
Abstract Background: Athletes, especially bodybuilders, abuse anabolic steroid drugs to improve their strength and enhance their muscle growth and appearance. This study was conducted to determine the type and frequency of anabolic steroids abuse in bodybuilder athletes in Kerman City. Methods: A confidential questionnaire which included demographic data (age, education), name of abused anabolic drug and duration of drug abuse was completed by 202 bodybuilder athletes, and the collected data were analyzed using Chi Square test. A value of p < 0.05 was considered significant. Findings: The frequency of anabolic steroid abuse was 18.8%. The mean period of bodybuilding activity was significantly higher in those used the anabolic drugs (38.8 months), comparing to those did not use any drugs (14.3 months). Oxymetholone was the most common drug used by athletes (42% merely used Oxymetholone). The frequency of anabolic steroids abuse was not related to education and age of the bodybuilder athletes. Conclusion: Bodybuilder athletes in Kerman city abuse anabolic steroids, and the health care system should plan to inform them about anabolic steroid adverse effects. Keywords: Anabolic steroid, Bodybuilder athletes, Drug abuse
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84513_4592c0af48dfe6d3546295844595c10b.pdf
2010-11-10
Gholamreza
Sepehri
gsepehri@yahoo.com
1
Professor of Pharmacology, Neuroscience and physiology Research Centers, Kerman University of Medical Sciences,
LEAD_AUTHOR
Majid
Mousavi Fard
2
General Practitioner, Kerman University of Medical Sciences
AUTHOR
Ehsan
Sepehri
3
Medical student, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Epidemiologic Study on Drug Abuse among First and Second Grade High School Students in Kerman
Abstract Background: This study investigated the epidemiology of drug abuse among high school students in Kerman. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study on a randomly selected sample of 652 first and second grade high school students (256 boys, 396 girls) in Kerman. They were informed that their answers would be classified and nameless before they filled questionnaires. Schools and classes were selected using stratified sampling method. Findings: From total 652 students participated in this study, 39.2% (256) were boys and 60.7% (396) were girls. Most of the students had information about opium (70.7% of boys and 79.8% of girls), and then alcohol (55.9% of boys and 53.9% of girls). Most offered substance to the students was alcohol (25% in boys and 12.4% in girls). The most effective encouragement for using drugs was through their friends (39% in boys, 16.9% in girls). The most used drug was alcohol among boys (11.4%) and sedative tablets among girls (12.2%). Boys preferred to use drugs in wedding ceremonies (11.3%) but girls proffered their houses (4.8%). The first reason for using drugs was socializing with unsavory friends (29.4%) and the second one was domestic problems (21.4%). Conclusion: The results of this study indicated dangerously increase of drug abuse among teenagers, who are the future of the society. If these results could be generalized, authorities must think of serious solutions for this rising problem. Keywords: Substance abuse, Students, Narcotics
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84514_f22c31868a47600ff59b9250c8232e35.pdf
2010-11-10
Nouzar
Nakhaee
nakhaeen@yahoo.com
1
Associate Professor of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Kerman Neuroscience Research
AUTHOR
Hassan
Ziaaddini
addictionhealthjournal@gmail.com
2
Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ali
Karimzadeh
3
General Physician, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking in Schizophrenic Patients Compared to Other Hospital Admitted Psychiatric Patients
Abstract Background: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of cigarette smoking and some of the related factors among schizophrenic and other hospitalized psychiatric patients. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study on 120 patients hospitalized in Shahid Beheshti hospital in Kerman in 2005. Patients were equally devided in two groups of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. Sampling was based on statistical census and data were collected using a questionnaire including 27 questions on demographic data, psychiatric disorder, smoking cigarettes and other substances, and Fagerstrom test. Data were analyzed by Chi-square and ANOVA tests using SPSS software. Findings: Prevalence and severity of cigarette smoking was 71.6% and 6.47% among schizophrenic and 51.6% and 6.40% among other psychiatric patients, respectively and the difference was not significant. History of withdrawal was 25.6% and 58.1% in the schizophrenia and other disorders respectively and the difference was significant (P < 0.05). Addiction to other substances was 51.6% in schizophrenic and 45% in the other patients and the most prevalent substances in both groups were opium and alcohol. The severity of smoking cigarettes was 6.9 along with other drug abuses and 5.1 in cases with just smoking based on Fagerstrom test and the difference was significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The prevalence of cigarette smoking in both schizophrenia and other psychiatric patients is higher than normal population, but there is no significant difference between these two groups. Schizophrenic patients need persistent supportive and supervising programs for cigarette smoking abuse treatment because of their cognitive, motivate and social problems. Keywords: Cigarettes, Schizophrenia, Psychiatric disorders
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84515_c05a284df0c0d4ccee961bf35309e03d.pdf
2010-11-10
Hassan
Ziaaddini
addictionhealthjournal@gmail.com
1
Associate Professor of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ali
Kheradmand
nhdzamani@yahoo.com
2
Resident of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences
AUTHOR
Mostafa
Vahabi
3
General Practitioner, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Exploit the Developed Countries Experiences of Primary School Education to Prevent Drug Addiction and Implications for Iran
Abstract Backgrounds: The purpose of this study was to evaluate various educations in primary schools to prevent drug addiction. Methods: In this qualitative study, data included the experiences of those who been students in the developed countries for some years as well as their parents. The data were collected by semi-structured and unstructured interviews as well as documents. Findings: The results showed that education for prevention of drug addiction begins in primary schools in the developed countries using various methods. These educations are not occasional but constant and infused in all curriculum subjects and grades. Students become familiar with various drugs and learn about their effects. Conclusion: Our findings showed that social problems are discussed openly in schools of the developed countries and students try to find solutions which are considered by authorities. Keywords: Drug addiction, Education, Teaching strategies, Primary school, Developed countries
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84516_b45abdf8667132a4bfc2b9c27566624d.pdf
2010-11-10
Ali
Kheradmand
nhdzamani@yahoo.com
1
Resident of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Center
AUTHOR
Eshrat
Zamani
bzamani@edu.ui.ac.ir
2
Associate Professor, School of Education, University of Isfahan
LEAD_AUTHOR
Nassim
Hedayati
3
Resident, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR