@article { author = {Zamani, Eshrat and Kheradmand, Ali and Cheshmi, Maliheh and Abedi, Ahmad and Hedayati, Nasim}, title = {Comparing the Social Skills of Students Addicted to Computer Games with Normal Students}, journal = {Addiction and Health}, volume = {2}, number = {3-4}, pages = {-}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2008-4633}, eissn = {2008-8469}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: This study aimed to investigate and compare the social skills of students addicted to computer games with normal students. The dependent variable in the present study is the social skills. Methods: The study population included all the students in the second grade of public secondary school in the city of Isfahan at the educational year of 2009-2010. The sample size included 564 students selected using the cluster random sampling method. Data collection was conducted using Questionnaire of Addiction to Computer Games and Social Skills Questionnaire (The Teenage Inventory of Social Skill or TISS). Findings: The results of the study showed that generally, there was a significant difference between the social skills of students addicted to computer games and normal students. In addition, the results indicated that normal students had a higher level of social skills in comparison with students addicted to computer games. Conclusion: As the study results showed, addiction to computer games may affect the quality and quantity of social skills. In other words, the higher the addiction to computer games, the less the social skills. The individuals addicted to computer games have less social skills. Keywords: Computer games, Addiction to computer games, Social skills, Guidance school students.}, keywords = {}, url = {https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84534.html}, eprint = {https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84534_14f79622fc280a740dd4fec8cb199c79.pdf} } @article { author = {Kheradmand, Ali and Banazadeh, Nabi and Abedi, Heidarali}, title = {Physical Effects of Methadone Maintenance Treatment from the Standpoint of Clients}, journal = {Addiction and Health}, volume = {2}, number = {3-4}, pages = {-}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2008-4633}, eissn = {2008-8469}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: Studies have shown that methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) is effective in improving the client’s quality of life and physical health. This study aimed to describe the nature and structure of drug dependents' experiences and the physical effects of MMT Methods: The present study is a qualitative and a phenomenology study on 32 clients referred to methadone clinics in the city of Kerman in 2008. Colaizzi’s method was used for data analysis and to evaluate the data, validity and reliability criteria were used. Findings: Encoded concepts were categorized in general groups of effectiveness on general health, sleep, appetite and weight, sexual desire, appearance and other effects. These six categories showed the main structure of experience and physical effects of MMT. Conclusion: The clients' viewpoints towards this treatment had a role in their experience expression and feelings, but MMT had an overall positive physical effect on the clients Keywords: Methadone maintenance treatment, Physical effects.}, keywords = {}, url = {https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84535.html}, eprint = {https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84535_e0ccd07b2a35bf6e8407f160317943ea.pdf} } @article { author = {Nakhaee, Mohammad Reza and Sheibani, Vahid and Ghahraman Tabrizi, Kourosh and Marefati, Hamid and Bahreinifar, Sareh and Nakhaee, Nouzar}, title = {Does Exercise Deprivation Increase the Tendency Towards Morphine Dependence in Rats?}, journal = {Addiction and Health}, volume = {2}, number = {3-4}, pages = {-}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2008-4633}, eissn = {2008-8469}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: Exercise deprivation has been concluded to have some negative effects on psychological well-being. This study was conducted to find out whether exercise deprivation may lead to morphine dependence in rats. Methods: Forty male Wistar rats weighing 162 ± 9 g were housed in clear plastic cages in groups of two under standard laboratory conditions. The study had two phases. In phase I, the animals were randomly divided into exercised (E) and unexercised (UE) groups (n = 20 each) and treadmill running was performed based on a standard protocol for three weeks. At the end of the training period, plasma β-endorphin levels were determined in four rats from each group. In phase II, the animals were provided with two bottles, one containing tap water and the other 25 mg/l morphine sulfate in tap water for a total of 12 weeks. At the end of this phase naloxone was injected intraperitoneally to precipitate morphine withdrawal Findings: There was no significant difference between UE and E groups in morphine consumption (mg/kg/wk) [group: F(1,14) = 0.2, P = 0.690; time: F(11,154) =18.72, P < 0.001; interaction: F(11,154) = 1.27 , P = 0.245]. No statistically significant difference between the two groups of animals was seen regarding withdrawal signs. Conclusion: The study showed that discontinuation of exercise does not increase the tendency of morphine dependence in rats. Keywords: Exercise dependence, Substance dependence, Oral morphine self-administration, Rat.}, keywords = {}, url = {https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84536.html}, eprint = {https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84536_799c4764ec2b89e5bdb03b4cf1eedad2.pdf} } @article { author = {Shokoohi, Mostafa and Baneshi, Mohammad Reza and Haghdoost, Ali Akbar}, title = {Estimation of the Active Network Size of Kermanian Males}, journal = {Addiction and Health}, volume = {2}, number = {3-4}, pages = {-}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2008-4633}, eissn = {2008-8469}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: Estimation of the size of hidden and hard-to-reach sub-populations, such as drug-abusers, is a very important but difficult task. Network scale up (NSU) is one of the indirect size estimation techniques, which relies on the frequency of people belonging to a sub-population of interest among the social network of a random sample of the general population. In this study, we estimated the social network size of Kermanian males (C) as one of the main prerequisites for using NSU. Methods: A 500 random sample of Kermanian males between 18 and 45 years old were interviewed. We asked the size of their active networks using direct questions. In addition, we received the frequency of six names from the vital registry office among Kermanian males, and we estimated C indirectly using the received frequencies and the frequency of these names among the networks of our sample. Findings: Although different methods showed quite different Cs between 100 and 350, the best estimation for C was 303, which means that on average each Kermanian male knows around 303 males between the age range of 18 and 45 years. The estimated C did not have any strong association with the demographic variables of our subjects. Conclusion: Using the estimated C we may use the NSU technique to assess the frequency of many important hidden sub-populations such as drug-abusers and those who have sexual contact with men and women. Keywords: Size estimation, Social network, Networking, Addiction, Hidden population, Hard to reach population.}, keywords = {}, url = {https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84537.html}, eprint = {https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84537_c05970fd252e568b032f933f7009c823.pdf} } @article { author = {Parvaresh, Nooshin and Ziaaddini, Hassan and Kheradmand, Ali and Bayati, Hamidreza}, title = {Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Conduct Disorder in Children of Drug Dependent Parents}, journal = {Addiction and Health}, volume = {2}, number = {3-4}, pages = {-}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2008-4633}, eissn = {2008-8469}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder are among relatively prevalent disorders during childhood and adolescence. Considering the negative impact of the parents' drug dependency and bipolar disorder, the present study aimed to determine the prevalence of ADHD and conduct disorder in children of drug-dependent and bipolar parents. Methods: In this case-control study, the case group included two groups of patients with drug dependency and bipolar disorder hospitalized in Shahid Beheshti hospital in Kerman who had 7 to 11-year-old children. The control group included healthy individuals without any drug dependency or other psychiatric disorders. Data were collected using Rutter scale Form A (parents' form) and a demographic questionnaire. Data were analyzed with ANOVA, Chi-square and Tamhane's post-hoc test. Findings: Rutter's abnormal scores were generally 7.11% in children of drug dependent parents, 14% in children of bipolar parents and 1.6% in children of healthy parents demonstrating no significant difference. The frequency of conduct disorder in the bipolar and drug dependent group was higher than the healthy group, but the difference was not significant. The frequency of ADHD was 8.9% in the drug dependency group and 1% in the control group which shows a significant difference. Conclusion: Drug dependency in parents may be a leading factor to mental disorders such as ADHD and conduct disorder in children. Keywords: ADHD, Conduct disorder, Drug dependency .}, keywords = {}, url = {https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84538.html}, eprint = {https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84538_45a258c93bc51b2a4e5e26bd7ad0bfb9.pdf} } @article { author = {Aflatoonian, Mohammadreza and Ziaaddini, Hassan and Kheradmand, Ali and Shamsi Meimandi, Manzumeh and Divsalar, Kouros and Mahmoodi, Majid}, title = {Substance Misuse Patterns and Blood Types of Self-Introduced Addicts to Substance Rehabilitation Centers of Bam City}, journal = {Addiction and Health}, volume = {2}, number = {3-4}, pages = {-}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2008-4633}, eissn = {2008-8469}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: With regard to the perceptible population, cultural, social and environmental changes in the aftermath of the earthquake in Bam City, this study was conducted to pinpoint substance misuse patterns and to figure out the probable relationship between substance misuse and blood types of the addicts referred to Substance rehabilitation Clinics from 2006 to 2007 in Bam City. Methods: In this case-control study, the sample size includes volunteering and self-introduced addicts and also a random selection of 360 healthy clients referred to the Blood Transfusion Organization as the control group. Both groups' data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi square and the odds ratio was estimated too. Findings: Three-hundred ninety nine individuals from nearly 3000 clients referred to the rehabilitation clinic from 2005 to 2008 participated with complete consent in the study. The highest frequency belonged to opium addicts (85.6%) and the most prevalent addiction type pertains to opium consumption via smoke inhalation (58.2%). The probability rate of AB negative blood type compared to other blood types among the addicts was 6.07 fold the control group. Conclusion: There has been an increasing rate of addiction in bam after earthquake and The substance consumption pattern has moved towards more dangerous methods. The high prevalence of AB blood type brings about a lot of presuppositions for geneticists, epidemiologists, hematologists and all majors in basic sciences. Keywords: Substance misuse, Blood type, Substance rehabilitation centers.}, keywords = {}, url = {https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84539.html}, eprint = {https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84539_061cad5fd31edcd629c1d7d787b984cb.pdf} } @article { author = {Ziaaddini, Hassan and Sharifi, Amir and Nakhaee, Nouzar and Ziaaddini, Ahmad}, title = {The Prevalence of at Least One-Time Substance Abuse among Kerman Pre-university Male Students}, journal = {Addiction and Health}, volume = {2}, number = {3-4}, pages = {-}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2008-4633}, eissn = {2008-8469}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: Substance abuse is one of the main health problems in Iran and awareness about its spread and procedure of spread in the society, particularly the susceptible society of students, is very important with regard to the population pyramid of Iran. Methods: This study was performed by cross-sectional method. The sampling size was 610 male students in pre-university grade by a probabilistic cluster sampling. Our research instrument was the WHO questionnaire. Findings: The experience of smoking cigarettes was seen in 34.6% of the students, 51.5% used hookah, 37.7% drank alcohol, 40.7% used non-prescribed tranquilizers, 10.2% used high-dosage painkillers, 6.6% used ecstasy, 6.7% hashish, 4.9% heroin, 8.7% opium and 9.7% used Pam or chewable tobacco.The first age of experiencing smoking cigarette was 14.0, hookah 13.9, alcohol 14.6, tranquilizers 13.1, high-dosage painkillers 15.3, ecstasy 17.0, hashish 16.7, heroin 16.7, opium 16.7 and using chewable tobacco 15.3 years. The improper use of ecstasy pills, opium, heroin and chewable tobacco was more in governmental schools compared with non-profit school centers.There was a relationship between the low educational level of the father and consuming alcohol, strong intoxicants, heroin, opium, pam and excessive use of cigarettes. On the other hand, there was a relationship between the low educational level of the mother with using cigarettes, hookah, alcohol, tranquilizers, strong painkillers, ecstasy, heroin, opium, pam and excessive usage of cigarettesConclusion: According to this study, in spite of the fact that drug abuse is at a warning rate, the tendency toward hookah, tranquilizers and alcohol is noticeable. Keywords: Sbstance abuse, Students, Kerman, Iran .}, keywords = {}, url = {https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84540.html}, eprint = {https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84540_3f4215a6254304cd764bae8c215455b7.pdf} } @article { author = {Shrivastava, Saurabh Ram BihariLal and Bobhate, Prateek Sudhakar}, title = {Tobacco Quit Rates among Youth in an Urban Health Centre of Mumbai: A Cross Sectional Study}, journal = {Addiction and Health}, volume = {2}, number = {3-4}, pages = {-}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2008-4633}, eissn = {2008-8469}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: Tobacco use is a major cause of preventable death and disease in India. A nationally representative case-control study of smoking in India (2008) revealed that only 2% of smokers had spontaneously quit. This study was undertaken to assess tobacco quit rates among the youth in an urban health center and to determine barriers in quitting tobacco use. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted among the youth attending Malwani Urban Health Centre. Hundred-thirty-three subjects were selected by a universal sampling method. Data was collected using a semi structured questionnaire. Findings: The majority of the youth were in the 18 to 21-year-old age group (43%), Male (82.4%), Muslim (65.4%) and unmarried (57.1%). The tobacco quit rate among these cases was 8.3%. Quitting tobacco use was significantly associated with the person's religion, marital status and living with the family Conclusion: Fear of cancer was the most common reason for quitting tobacco. The major reason for initiation of tobacco consumption was peer pressure and betel quid was the most common form. Not experiencing any harmful effects of tobacco was the most common reason for not quitting tobacco. Keywords: Youth, Tobacco quit rates, Peer pressure, Smoking .}, keywords = {}, url = {https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84541.html}, eprint = {https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84541_5532c73a388b4a14e66da16ff933f923.pdf} }