Investigating Changes in Serum Biochemical Parameters in Opium Addicts Before and During Addiction Treatment
Sedigheh
Barzehkar
Resident, Neurosciences Research Center AND Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
author
Mohammad Hossein
Gozashti
Associate Professor, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
author
Kouros
Divsalar
Researcher, Neurosciences Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
author
Mahdieh
Mashrouteh
General Practitioner, Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
author
Amir Hossein
Darvishi-Lardi
Student of Medicine, Infectious Disease and Tropical Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
author
text
article
2016
eng
Background: Iran is one of the major consumers of opium and opiate substances in the world. Addiction has become a very important issue in the 21st century and an urgent one in Iran. The consumption of this substance leaves a variety of impacts on the human body. The goal of this study is to investigate the changes of the biochemical parameters derived from opiate substances in addicts during their treatment.Methods: This is a cross-sectional research that focused on 40 individuals dependent on the consumption of opium. Their blood samples were taken before and during treatment, and their fasting blood sugar (FBS), sodium, calcium, phosphorus, creatinine, urea, uric acid, total protein, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and total cholesterol were measured. Data were analyzed by SPSS using paired t-test.Findings: The results showed that serum uric acid, LDL, cholesterol, and the total protein levels significantly decreased during the treatment in comparison with the time before the treatment (P < 0.050). Yet, the serum fasting glucose, urea, creatinine, HDL, triglycerides, calcium, phosphorous, sodium, and potassium showed no significant change the time prior and during the treatment.Conclusion: Given the findings of the analysis, opium addiction has a number of destructive impacts on the lipid profile and uric acid. In addition, the level of total protein decreased during the treatment.
Addiction and Health
Kerman University of Medical Sciences
2008-4633
8
v.
4
no.
2016
211
217
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84692_b9b75b160758241bedd6d938fa7dbfe5.pdf
The Role of Parenting Skills Training in the Prevention of Addiction of Children
Mahin
Eslami-Shahrbabaki
Associate Professor, Neurology Research Center AND Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
author
Mohadeseh
Iranpour
Researcher, Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology AND Department of Psychiatry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
author
text
article
2016
eng
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Addiction and Health
Kerman University of Medical Sciences
2008-4633
8
v.
4
no.
2016
270
271
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84699_8ac5508248f066123ed0d8409b42c049.pdf
The Effects of Opium Addiction on the Immune System Function in Patients with Fungal Infection
Seyyed Amin
Ayatollahi-Mousavi
Professor, Tropical and Infectious Disease Research Center AND Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
author
Gholamreza
Asadikaram
Professor, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
author
Nouzar
Nakhaee
Associate Professor, Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
author
Alireza
Izadi
Lecturer, Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
author
Nasser
Keikha
Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
author
text
article
2016
eng
Background: The use of narcotics such as opium exposes addicts as susceptible targets of different diseases so that they might easily be exposed to different diseases such as fungal infections. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of addiction to opium and fungal infection on plasma levels of certain cytokines including interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-6, IL-17, Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β).Methods: Present study included 72 individuals who were divided into 4 groups: 1) opium-addicted with fungal infection; 2) opium-addicted without fungal infection; 3) non-opium-addicted with fungal infection; and 4) normal individuals (non-opium-addicted and non-fungal infection). The fungal samples, after being detected and confirmed by a physician, were prepared based on clinical symptoms and then analyzed by direct smear and culture method. The measurement of the plasma level of cytokines was done by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method.Findings: The comparison of the mean of the plasma level of cytokines showed that addiction to opium and fungal infection had significant effect on the plasma levels of IL-17, IFN-γ, TGF-β cytokines in all studied groups. The interaction of addiction to opium and fungal infection was only significant in the case of plasma level of IL-6.Conclusion: Addiction to opium and fungal infection, either separately or simultaneously, poses significant effect on the immune system and causes disorders in the cytokine network and the immune system and also provides a suitable environment for fungal infection.
Addiction and Health
Kerman University of Medical Sciences
2008-4633
8
v.
4
no.
2016
218
226
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84693_8e274651582d29d2ecfafc7b5e627247.pdf
Pattern of Substance Use and Related Factors in Male Prisoners
Ali
Khalooei
Assistant Professor, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
author
Mohammadreza
Mashayekhi-Dowlatabad
MPH Student, Research Center for Modeling in Health, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
author
Mohammad Reza
Rajabalipour
MSc Student, Research Center for Modeling in Health, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
author
Abedin
Iranpour
Assistant Professor, Regional Knowledge Hub, and WHO Collaborating Centre for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
author
text
article
2016
eng
Background: Prisoner’s addiction is one of the major problems in many countries which imposes very high medical costs and social harm to communities. This study investigated the pattern of substance use and related factors in male prisoners in one of the prisons in southeastern Iran.Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in 2016. The study population was inmates of a prison in southeast Iran. Sampling was carried out randomly according to the list of prisoners. Data were collected using a form and were analyzed with statistics software SPSS.Findings: More than four-fifths (75.3%) of the subjects consumed at least one substance (alcohol, tobacco and other drugs), 74.4% were smoking, 73.2% used a narcotic substance, and about one-fifth (19.3%) reported drinking alcohol. With a frequency of 62.0%, opium was the most frequently utilized narcotic substance. Poppy juice (31.6%), cannabis (29.8%), crystal (16.9%) and tramadol (16.9%) were the next frequent substances used. A percentage of 41.5% subjects reported using two or more drugs. A percentage of 80.7% subjects reported substance use among their friends, 39.2% by siblings and 37.2% by father. Regression analysis showed predictor variables of substance use were education, substance use by prisoner before being imprisoned, substance use by father, friends and siblings.Conclusion: This study showed a remarkable prevalence of substance use in prisons, which was more than general population. Therefore, it is necessary to consider alternative penalties of imprisonment due to the factors associated with substance use. Screening of people at high risk for substance use should be considered on admission to prison, and primary prevention measures should be focused on them.
Addiction and Health
Kerman University of Medical Sciences
2008-4633
8
v.
4
no.
2016
227
234
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84694_d8fc87030b2b5b34588fcc0507655bc3.pdf
Comparing Blood Lead Level among Oral/inhaled Opium Addicts with a Non-addict Control Group in the Southeast of Iran
Alireza
Nemati
Assistant Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
author
Shima
Jafari
PhD Student, Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
author
Mahdi
Afshari
Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
author
Somayeh
Dahmardeh
Department of Medical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
author
Kaveh
Tabrizian
Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
author
text
article
2016
eng
Background: Opium is widely used among addicts in the Middle East countries such as Iran. Recent reports suggest that opium sellers cheat their customers by adding lead to the opium. Contaminated opium can threaten the health of consumers. This study was designed to evaluate the lead concentration in blood sample of oral and inhaled opium user’s referring to Amir Al-Momenin Hospital in Zabol, Iran, during spring 2015 in comparison with those of control group.Methods: Blood lead level (BLL) of 188 subjects with a mean age of 52.06 years in three categories - including oral opium addicted (55 patients), inhaled opium addicted (55 patients), and healthy control group (n = 78) - was assessed. The BLL of all the subjects was assessed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer.Findings: Almost all participants consumed “Tariak” (99.09%). Mean ± standard deviation (SD) duration of opium addiction was 13.21 ± 10.26 years. The average blood lead concentration among oral users, inhaled users, and control group were 34.31 ± 21.54, 41.13 ± 26.40, and 9.86 ± 4.40 µg/dl, respectively (P = 0.001).Conclusion: Our study showed significant differences of BLLs between opium users and control group. We also did not find any association between blood lead concentration and method of opium consumption.
Addiction and Health
Kerman University of Medical Sciences
2008-4633
8
v.
4
no.
2016
235
241
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84695_1832a6d204cc87323a46dee715b25c35.pdf
The Role of Sexual Behaviors in the Relapse Process in Iranian Methamphetamine Users: A Qualitative Study
Mohammad Hadi
Safi
PhD Student, Department of Counseling AND Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
author
Seyyed Jalal
Younesi
Associate Professor, Department of Counseling, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
author
Asghar
Dadkhah
Professor, Department of Counseling, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
author
Ali
Farhoudian
Assistant Professor, Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
author
Masoud
Fallahi-Khoshknab
Associate Professor, Department of Nursing, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
author
Manoochehr
Azkhosh
Assistant Professor, Department of Counseling, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
author
text
article
2016
eng
Background: The awareness of sexual experiences could be an effective factor in preventing high-risk sexual behavior pertaining to relapse during the recovery period of substances. This research explored the role of sexual behaviors among Iranian methamphetamine (MA) users in relapse process.Methods: The study was conducted with a qualitative approach using content analysis method. 28 participants were selected through purposeful and theoretical sampling. Data were collected based on face-to-face, in-depth, semi-structured interviews based on open-ended questions. Interviews continued until the data saturation had occurred. All interviews were examined in four stages of codes, sub-categories, categories and themes according to the content analysis of explanations and descriptions of sexual behaviors.Findings: Two main themes were emerged from the analysis of interviews, including extreme pleasure seeking (including the main categories of sexual tunnel vision and sexual totalitarianism) and comprehended threat (including the main categories of internal conflict and external disorganization) as well as 10 subcategories.Conclusion: The results indicated that sexual behaviors played an important role in relapse process among Iranian MA users and needed to be considered and managed properly in the planning of prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation.
Addiction and Health
Kerman University of Medical Sciences
2008-4633
8
v.
4
no.
2016
242
251
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84696_5c72ef0aa608c2c8942e402b96f48e16.pdf
An Ecological Study of the Association between Opiate Use and Incidence of Cancers
Hamideh
Rashidian
PhD Student, Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
author
Kazem
Zendehdel
Associate Professor, Cancer Research Center, Institute of Cancer, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
author
Farin
Kamangar
Professor, Department of Public Health Analysis, School of Community Health and Policy, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
author
Reza
Malekzadeh
Professor, Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
author
Ali Akbar
Haghdoost
Professor, Regional Knowledge Hub, and WHO Collaborating Centre for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
author
text
article
2016
eng
Background: Cancer is the second leading cause of death after cardiovascular disease. In recent years it has been hypothesized that opiate use could be a risk factor for cancer. This study aimed to evaluate a possible association between opiate use and common cancers using ecological statistics from around the world.Methods: To investigate the association we used ordinary linear regression models. The log10-transformed age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) of cancers was used as dependent variables in the models. We adjusted for smoking, alcohol use per capita, human development index (HDI), and body mass index (BMI) as confounding variables. We extracted these variables from different data sources including the GLOBOCAN 2012, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) annual reports, World Health Organization database, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) report 2012, and published literature. We estimated two separate models for each cancer, one for males and the other for both sexes.Findings: Opiate prevalence ranged from 0.01% to 2.65% and its median was 0.20%. In the multiple regression models for both sexes, opiate use was significantly associated with bladder (β = 0.59), kidney (β = 0.16), oral cavity (β = 0.27), esophagus (β = 0.33), larynx (β = 0.17) and other pharynx (β = 0.36) cancers. In the models based on the male data, the coefficient and the significances were approximately the same for the above cancers but larynx cancer was no longer significantly associated with opiate use.Conclusion: There was a significant association between opiate use and risk of cancers. We suggest that more studies should be conducted, especially in high-risk areas of the world.
Addiction and Health
Kerman University of Medical Sciences
2008-4633
8
v.
4
no.
2016
252
260
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84697_7d4ec2606e011c0fdb98ba0e1d14f8cc.pdf
Effects of Maternal Separation on Nicotine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference and Later Spatial Learning and Memory Function in Adolescent Male Rats
Fatemeh
Delavari
PhD Candidate, Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
author
Vahid
Sheibani
Professor, Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
author
Khadijeh
Esmaeilpour
PhD Candidate, Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
author
Saeid
Esmaeili-Mahani
Associate Professor, Physiology Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
author
Nouzar
Nakhaee
Professor, Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
author
text
article
2016
eng
Background: Disturbances in maternal care have been associated with increased risk for drug abuse later in life. However, there has been little investigation of the effects of maternal separation (MS), a model of early life stress, on nicotine dependence, specifically during adolescence. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of MS on nicotine-conditioned place preference (CPP) in adolescent male rats. We also examined the impact of nicotine on spatial learning and memory impairments induced by MS.Methods: Rat pups were exposed to daily MS for 15 (MS15) or 180 (MS180) minutes during the first 2 weeks of life or reared under normal animal facility rearing (AFR) conditions. In postnatal day (PND) 28-34, they were conditioned with nicotine [0.6 mg/kg, subcutaneously (SC)] or saline and tested for preference over a period of 6 conditioning trials. Morris water maze (MWM) testing was performed to assess spatial cognitive function.Findings: The MS procedure used in our study failed to affect nicotine reward as measured by CPP in the adolescent male rats. Notably, significant spatial learning deficit was seen in the MS180 rats compared to those in the AFR and MS15 groups and nicotine administration modified the MS-induced learning defect in adolescent male rats.Conclusion: In conclusion, although MS revealed no influence on the sensitivity to the nicotine's reinforcing effects in adolescent male rats, the simultaneous effect of MS on learning performance may be altered by nicotine intake.
Addiction and Health
Kerman University of Medical Sciences
2008-4633
8
v.
4
no.
2016
261
269
https://ahj.kmu.ac.ir/article_84698_0b405d287a50d609cec1270d84cb1204.pdf